Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
surfaces of buildings. Basing on the results of a preceding calculation with one of
the atmospheric dispersion and deposition models, a start-up step determines time-
dependent contamination levels of surfaces and the resulting doses due to external
exposure and inhalation without assuming any actions. In a second step, practically
any combination of measures described in the “EURANOS Inhabited Area Hand-
book” can be considered. The effect of the selected actions on the development of
the contamination and the doses are then recalculated by the transport model.
AGRICP contains an adapted version of the food chain and dose model
described in the chapter “The Terrestrial Food Chain and Dose Model, FDMT”.
The agricultural measures that can be considered base on the “EURANOS Hand-
book for Assisting the Management of Contaminated Food Production Systems”.
As ERMIN, also AGRICP calculates dynamically the development of contamina-
tion without and with actions and the resulting doses in the respective transport and
dose model.
21.2.3 The Hydrological Model Chain
Simulation models for the aquatic pathways are described in [
15
]; however, the
reference is limited to fresh water systems. Generally one can say that any such
model needs two components. On the one hand, the hydrological component with
the transport and diffusion of radionuclides must be simulated and on the other hand
exchange processes among different phases must be taken into account: dissolved
radionuclides, those bound to particles, and radionuclides deposited in the sediment
(see, e.g. [
16
]).
The JRodos system contains a complete hydrological model chain [
17
], whose
components are illustrated in Fig.
21.2
.
Starting from surface runoff, the RETRACE box model simulates how radionu-
clides are washed out of the top soil and carried into rivers or lakes. Then, the one-
dimensional model RIVTOX computes the distribution and transport in the rivers
by means of pre-calculated information about hydrodynamic and sediment-specific
characteristics of the rivers [
16
]. Radionuclide transport on flooded areas, in
reservoirs, lakes and coastal waters is described with the two-dimensional model
COASTOX, or with the three-dimensional model THREETOX for more complex
geometries. For applications to oceans there is the compartment model Poseidon.
The resulting contamination of water and fish is used in the aquatic food chain
and dose module, FDMA (Food chain and Dose Module Aquatic), for simulating
the radiation exposure of people by intake of contaminated drinking water and fish.
Hereby the use of contaminated water for animals as well as irrigating agricultural
areas is taken into account.
