Anions in non saline waters - Determination of Anions in Natural and Treated Waters - page 113

2.12.15 Preconcentration
The application of preconcentation techniques is discussed in section 15.1.3.

2.13 Butyrate

2.13.1 Ion chromatography
The application of this technique is discussed under multianion analysis in sections 12.2.4
and 12.2.5.

2.13.2 High performance liquid chromatography

The application of this technique is discussed under multianion analysis in section
13.1.1.5.

2.14 Carbonate and alkalinity

2.14.1 Carbonate

2.14.1.1 Flow injection analysis

Workers at Tecator Ltd [146] in an application note point out that carbonate is present in
aqueous solutions as and . The concentration of each species

depends on pH. In strongly alkaline solutions predominates. In acidic solutions

gaseous carbon dioxide is formed

Fig. 2.7 Flow injection manifold, determination of carbonate
Source: Reproduced with permission fromTecator Ltd [146-148]

The principle of this application is that the aqueous sample containing carbonate is