A STUDY OF ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL AND FORMATION OF GENE POOL OF CULTURAL PLANTS IN INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY OF TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY - Ecological Consequences of Increasing Crop Productivity - page 58

7.1 STRATEGY OF SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION DUE TO
CLIMATIC FACTORS OF THE TYUMEN REGION
The square of territory of Siberia more than 9.6 million km 2 , which is 57 percent of
the total area of Russia, is home to 16.1 percent of the population. Agro climatic po-
tential is 0.56-0.58 in Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia 0.52-0.54 in the Trans-Baikal
region, and the Republic of Khakassia, Tuva, Yakutia, 0.46-0.48 (with averages of
1.0 Russia) [1].
Tyumen region, on the one hand, is a huge-scale oil and gas complex, and on the
other is clearly inferior to other regions by bioclimatic potential and development of
agricultural land. The lack of heat and moisture during some periods of vegetation has
an adverse effect on the level and stability of yields. However, it is well known that
the country retains its independence in the event that the ratio of imports to domestic
consumption of food and agricultural raw materials does not exceed 20-30 percent.
In connection with this, a top priority continues to be agriculture on a sustainable
basis, providing valuable opportunity to supply the population with food products of
domestic production.
The components of sustainable crop south of the Tyumen region are the selection
of plants that are resistant to environmental factors limiting the creation of new highly
adaptive varieties, differing in complex breeding and valuable attributes, their rapid
reproduction, and proper environmental placement [2].
The human diet due to plant contains an average of 88 and 70 percent energy
protein. The number of cultivated plant species evaluated is 5,000, with a relatively
widely used plants around 1,200; but more than 90 percent of the energy and protein
are produced by cultivated species totaling upto 25-30 [3].
The bases of food security and bio resource qualitative improvement of the envi-
ronment are of plant genetic resources. Among the many causes leading to the deple-
tion of the plant species are environmental degradation, natural disasters, industrial-
ization, and urbanization [4]. The share of closely related varieties in many growing
regions, including the Urals and Western Siberia regions, has increased dramatically
and is more than 50 percent [5].
Climate change, manifested by the increase of the average surface air temperature
by 0.7 °C in all the continents in the last quarter of the twentieth century [6], indicates
the need for adjustments in strategic selection of species and varieties of cultivated
plants. It should be noted that Russia at the same time is warmer by 1.5°C [5]. The
most intensive the process is in almost the entire European part of Russia, in the south
of Western Siberia, Baikal, Trans-Baikal region, and the north-eastern Yakutia [7, 8].
The statistical analysis of the Tyumen hydrometeorology center on environmen-
tal monitoring for the period 1993-2012 revealed that of the moisture content of 20
analyzed plant-growing seasons, only four periods (20%) were close to the long-term
average value. Moisture defi cit was observed for eight (40%) fi eld seasons, with the
amount of precipitation ranging from 163 to 276 mm at a rate of 281 mm (minimum
rainfall in 1997 and 2012). The share of wet years was 40 percent by varying the
amount of rainfall data in the range 322-423 mm.
The daily average air temperature in the nine years of age (45%) exceeded the
norm, and only 2 years have been cold. Growing seasons can be divided into three