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and perineal development. The revised view (still somewhat labile in its details, but probably
reliable in the essentials summarized here) is that the urethral plate forms as a two-layered
endoderm-derived epithelium that hollows out to make a tube. 31
Fusion is a common enough process in development to suggest that it is generally reliable,
despite the above-mentioned problems that affect higher mammals. The ability to break and
fuse epithelia and endothelia freed embryos from the tyranny of topological impossibility
and gaining this ability was one of the key steps towards body plans as rich and complex
as ours.
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