Field and Laboratory Measurements Related to Occupational and Consumer Exposures - Safety of Nanomaterials along Their Lifecycle - page 280

1.00e+01
9.60e+00
9.30e+00
9.00e+00
8.70e+00
8.40e+00
8.10e+00
7.80e+00
7.50e+00
7.20e+00
6.90e+00
6.60e+00
6.30e+00
6.00e+00
5.70e+00
5.40e+00
5.10e+00
4.80e+00
4.50e+00
4.20e+00
3.90e+00
3.60e+00
3.30e+00
3.00e+00
2.70e+00
2.40e+00

[m/s]

1.98e+00
1.90e+00
1.84e+00
1.78e+00
1.72e+00
1.66e+00
1.60e+00
1.54e+00
1.48e+00
1.42e+00
1.36e+00
1.31e+00
1.25e+00
1.19e+00
1.13e+00
1.07e+00
1.01e+00
9.49e-01
8.90e-01
8.30e-01
7.71e-01
7.12e-01
6.53e-01
5.93e-01
5.34e-01
4.75e-01
4.15e-01
3.56e-01
2.97e-01
2.37e-01
1.78e-01
1.19e-01
5.93e-01
0.00e+00

2.10e+00
1.80e+00
1.50e+00
1.20e+00
9.00e+01
6.00e-01
3.00e-01

Y

Z

0.00e+00

X

Y

Z

X

FIGURE 13.1 Modeling results of nanoparticle release from a leak in the reactor of a
nanoparticle production facility. (Reprinted from Handbook of Nanosafety, Seipenbusch, M.
et al. From Source to Dose: Emission, Transport, Aerosol Dynamics and Dose Assessment
for WP Aerosol Exposure, Copyright 2014, with permission from Elsevier.)

3. Relatively high energy dispersion of either (a) nanopowders or (liquid)
intermediates containing highly concentrated (>25%) nanoparticles, for
example, pouring/injection molding, (jet) milling, stirring/mixing, or
(b) application of (relatively low concentrated <5%) ready-to-use products;
for example, application of coatings or spraying of solutions that will form
nanosized aerosols after condensation (Figure 13.3).

4. Activities resulting in fracturing and abrasion of manufactured nanoparti-
cles-enabled end-products at work sites; for example, (a) low energy abra-
sion, manual sanding, or (b) high energy machining, for example, sanding,
grinding, drilling, cutting, and so on. High temperature processes like
burning, and so on are included (Figure 13.4).

The focus of the review is to collect evidence of either release of or exposure to
NOAA in real and simulated workplaces, whereas the data can be used to calibrate
exposure models and to feed exposure scenario libraries, for example, the NANEX
Exposure library. *

* http://nanex-project.eu/mainpages/exposure-scenarios-db.html.