Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Station II: Haripura
Position: N - 22° 27.026
′
;
Water and Wastewater,” prepared and published
jointly by the American Public Health Association
(APHA), American Water Works Association
(AWWA), and Water Environment Federation
(WEF). Sampling was done on fi ve consecutive
days in each month during the years 2002-2004.
Sample of each day was separately analyzed in
the same day, and then the data were pooled to
represent the monthly data. Five samples were
collected from each site in clean and
contamination-free polyethylene containers of
two liters volume. They were maintained at 4 °C
during transportation to the laboratory in order to
reduce the growth of microorganisms. The water
samples were collected from the middle of the
stream at mid-depth. Stratifi ed random sampling
was not possible as the stations were having 1 m
or less deep water during major part of the year.
The containers were then labeled indicating the
sample number, time, and weather conditions.
1. Temperature: Temperature is basically important
for its effect on the chemistry and biological
reactions of the organisms in water. A rise in
temperature of the water leads to the speeding up
of the chemical reactions in water and reduces
the solubility of gases (Sawyer et al.
1994
).
In the present study, the ambient as well as the
water temperatures were measured at the site
using calibrated good grade mercury- fi lled
Celsius thermometer.
2. pH: This is a measure of the intensity of acid-
ity or alkalinity. pH of water gets drastically
changed with time due to exposure to air, bio-
logical activities, and temperature changes. In
natural waters, pH also changes diurnally and
seasonally due to variation in photosynthetic
activity (Sawyer et al.
1994
). Therefore, pH
was measured electrometrically using a hand-
held pH meter.
3. Dissolved oxygen (DO): Dissolved oxygen is
one of the most important parameters in water
assessment. It refl ects the physical and bio-
logical processes prevailing in the waters. Its
presence is essential to maintain the higher
forms of biological life in the water. Organisms
have specifi c requirements of oxygen (APHA
et al.
1998
). Winkler's modifi ed method as
described in APHA, AWWA (
1998
)
E - 73° 19.361
; Altitude - 62 m.
This is the second station in the upstream part
of the river. Water exists in here for a very short
duration of time. With the onset of the monsoon
by mid June, the water begins to fl ow through the
river. This condition remains till the end of
October. Later the farmers along the bank begin
to use this water for cultivation, and all the water
is pumped out of the river, thus causing the river
to dry up by the month of January.
′
Station III: Sama
Position: N - 22° 20.260
′
; E -
73° 12.301
; Altitude - 46 m.
This station lies within the Vadodara city limits.
Water exists at this site throughout the year on
account of the sewage water that is released from
the city into the river. For most of the year, the
water remains fl owing except during summer
when the water level recedes. This site supports a
fairly good population of aquatic vegetation.
′
Station
IV:
Munjmahuda
Position: N - 22°
17.093
; Altitude - 43 m.
This sites lies at the point where the river
begins to exit from the city limits. The water is in
a fl owing condition throughout the year. River at
this point receives high amount of sewage that is
evident from the black color and strong distaste-
ful odor the water exudes. The aquatic vegetation
is nonexistent at this station.
′
; E - 73° 10.314
′
Station V: Karari
Position: N - 22° 10.755
′
;
E - 73° 08.730
; Altitude - 40 m.
This is the last sampling station and is located
outside the city limit, after the river passes
through the industrial sector of the city. The water
is in a fl owing condition throughout the year.
This would otherwise have been the recovery
zone; however, right up to the very end of the
river, wastes are dumped and the river gets no
time for recovery.
′
Methods
Water samples were collected and analyzed for
the physicochemical parameters as per the trea-
was
employed for determining the dissolved oxygen.
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