Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
the higher one (9.16) was during monsoon at
Pochammaralu of Pocharam Lake, whereas in
Wyra Lake the lower and higher values, i.e. 7.0
and 8.7, were found at Reddygudem in winter and
summers. The electric conductivity was observed
with a range of 230-810 micro-siemens/cm and
360-810 with mean values 349.5 and 542.2 in
Pocharam and Wyra Lakes, respectively. The tur-
bidity values of Pocharam Lake fl uctuated
between 15 and 300 NTU with a mean value of
67.3, whereas in Wyra Lake it was 5-184 with a
mean value of 52.8. The lower value (15) was
observed at Rajpet in winter and the higher one
(300) was at Kottapalli of Pocharam Lake.
Similarly in Wyra Lake, the lower turbidity value
(5) was found at Brahmanapalli during winter,
and the higher value (184) was at Singarayapalem
in summer. Its higher values are known to affect
the primary productivity by restricting the light
penetration and photosynthesis. The dissolved
oxygen (DO) profi le revealed a variation between
2.6 and 8.2 with an average value of 5.2 in
Pocharam Lake, and in Wyra Lake, it was 1.3-6.0
with a mean of 4.55. The lower value 2.6 mg/L of
Pocharam Lake was observed at Burugapalle in
monsoon and the higher one 8.2 was seen at
Polkampet during winter and monsoon seasons.
Likewise, the lower value (1.3) of Wyra Lake was
noticed at Wyra spot during summer, and the
higher value (6.0) was noticed at different locali-
ties of the water body in monsoon. Here the higher
values of dissolved oxygen may be due to com-
paratively clear zones and increased photosyn-
thetic activity by phytoplankton. The total absence
of carbonates was noticed in monsoon in Wyra
Lake. In the case of Pocharam Lake, the carbon-
ates fl uctuated between nil and 90 with an average
of 54 mg/L, and in Wyra Lake it fl uctuated
between nil and 50 with a mean value of 41.1. The
bicarbonate values of Pocharam Lake were seen
from 35 to 100 mg/L with an average of 87.9,
whereas in the case of Wyra Lake, it was found
between 125 and 320 mg/L with a mean value of
215.2. The chloride content at different stations of
Pocharam Lake varied from 15 to 43 mg/L with a
mean value of 26.5, while at Wyra Lake it was
27-110 with an average value of 64.5. The maxi-
mum value (43) in Pocharam Lake was found
value (15) was noticed at Pocharam Lake in
Pocharam (V) spot in winter. Similarly the mini-
mal value (270) in Wyra Lake was noticed in sum-
mer at its Wyra locality, and the maximum value
of 110 was observed in winter at Reddygudem.
The peak in chloride values may be related to
evapotranspiration and high evaporation due to
the prevailing high temperature. The chloride
content further involves the presence of organic
matter of animal origin. Lower chloride values in
the water body were probably due to its distant
location and natural elevation that gives protec-
tion from infl ows of domestic wasters and cattle
feeding. The values of total hardness varied
between 85 and 280 mg/L with a mean value of
158.6 in Pocharam Lake, whereas in Wyra Lake it
was between 85 and 280 mg/L with a mean value
of 148.9. The peak total hardness value (245 mg/L)
of Wyra Lake was noticed at Singarayapalem dur-
ing monsoon, while its minimal value (95) was at
Narayanapuram in winter. The maximum quan-
tity of total hardness value (245 mg/L) of Wyra
Lake was noticed at Singarayapalem during mon-
soon, while its minimal value (85) was seen at
Wadalparti in monsoon. The ranges of hardness
values recorded were invariably lesser in the case
of Wyra Lake, indicating the presence of other
ions, and therefore all excess hardness can be
termed as carbonate hardness, whereas it is
reverse in the case of Pocharam Lake, and hence
Wyra Lake waters may be classifi ed as moder-
ately hard to hard and indicate no physico-
chemical deterioration. The calcium hardness in
the case of Pocharam Lake varied between 15 and
59 mg/L (mean 30.2), whereas in Wyra Lake it
was between 21 and 42 (28.9). Higher concentra-
tion of calcium was observed at Pocharam (V) of
Pocharam Lake in winter season, while it was at
Reddygudem of Wyra Lake in monsoon.
In general, aquatic ecosystems receive excess
nutrients through untreated domestic sewage and
agriculture runoff. Phosphate acts as a limiting
nutrient responsible for the process of eutrophi-
cation that ultimately leads to the degradation
of an aquatic ecosystem. During the course of
study on Pocharam Lake, the phosphate content
between 0.01 and 0.09 mg/L (mean 0.36), while
in Wyra Lake it was 0.03 to 0.28 mg/L with a
Search WWH ::
Custom Search