TABLE A-9
STOOL ANALYSIS
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REFERENCE RANGE |
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SI UNITS |
CONVENTIONAL UNITS |
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Amount |
0.1-0.2 kg/d |
100-200 g/24 h |
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Coproporphyrin |
611-1832 nmol/d |
400-1200 μg/24 h |
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Fat |
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Adult |
<7 g/d |
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Adult on fat-free diet |
<4 g/d |
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Fatty acids |
0-21 mmol/d |
0-6 g/24 h |
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Leukocytes |
None |
None |
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Nitrogen |
<178 mmol/d |
<2.5 g/24 h |
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pH |
7.0-7.5 |
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Occult blood |
Negative |
Negative |
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Trypsin |
20-95 U/g |
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Urobilinogen |
85-510 μmol/d |
50-300 mg/24 h |
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Uroporphyrins |
12-48 nmol/d |
10-40 μg/24 h |
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Water |
<0.75 |
<75% |
TABLE A-10
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
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REFERENCE RANGE |
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SI UNITS |
CONVENTIONAL UNITS |
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Clearances (corrected to 1.72 m2 body surface area) |
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Measures of glomerular filtration rate |
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Inulin clearance (Cl) |
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Males (mean ± 1 SD) |
2.1 ± 0.4 mL/s |
124 ± 25.8 mL/min |
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Females (mean ± 1 SD) |
2.0 ± 0.2 mL/s |
119 ± 12.8 mL/min |
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Endogenous creatinine clearance |
1.5-2.2 mL/s |
91-130 mL/min |
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Measures of effective renal plasma flow and tubular function p-Aminohippuric acid clearance (ClPAH) |
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Males (mean ± 1 SD) |
10.9 ±2.7 mL/s |
654 ± 163 mL/min |
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Females (mean ± 1 SD) |
9.9 ± 1.7 mL/s |
594 ± 102 mL/min |
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Concentration and dilution test |
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Specific gravity of urine |
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After 12-h fluid restriction |
>1.025 |
>1.025 |
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After 12-h deliberate water intake |
<1.003 |
<1.003 |
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Protein excretion, urine |
<0.15 g/d |
<150 mg/d |
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Specific gravity, maximal range |
1.002-1.028 |
1.002-1.028 |
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Tubular reabsorption, phosphorus |
0.79-0.94 of filtered load |
79-94% of filtered load |
TABLE A-11
CIRCULATORY FUNCTION TESTS
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RESULTS: REFERENCE RANGE |
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TEST |
SI UNITS (RANGE) |
CONVENTIONAL UNITS (RANGE) |
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Arteriovenous oxygen difference |
30-50 mL/L |
30-50 mL/L |
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Cardiac output (Fick) |
2.5-3.6 L/m2 of body surface area per min |
2.5-3.6 L/m2 of body surface area per min |
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Contractility indexes |
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Max. left ventricular dp/dt (dp/dt)/DP when DP = 5.3 kPa |
220 kPa/s (176-250 kPa/s) (37.6 ± 12.2)/s |
1650 mmHg/s (1320-1880 mmHg/s) (37.6 ± 12.2)/s |
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(40 mmHg) (DP, diastolic pressure) |
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Mean normalized systolic ejection rate (angiography) |
3.32 ± 0.84 end-diastolic volumes per second |
3.32 ± 0.84 end-diastolic volumes per second |
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Mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (angiography) |
1.83 ± 0.56 circumferences per second |
1.83 ± 0.56 circumferences per second |
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Ejection fraction: stroke volume/ end-diastolic volume (SV/EDV) |
0.67 ± 0.08 (0.55-0.78) |
0.67 ± 0.08 (0.55-0.78) |
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End-diastolic volume |
70 ± 20.0 mL/m2 (60-88 mL/m2) |
70 ± 20.0 mL/m2 (60-88 mL/m2) |
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End-systolic volume |
25 ± 5.0 mL/m2 (20-33 mL/m2) |
25 ± 5.0 mL/m2 (20-33 mL/m2) |
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Left ventricular work |
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Stroke work index |
50 ± 20.0 (g-m)/m2 (30-110) |
50 ±20.0 (g-m)/m2 (30-110) |
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Left ventricular minute work index |
1.8-6.6 [(kg-m)/m2]/min |
1.8-6.6 [(kg-m)/m2]/min |
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Oxygen consumption index |
110-150 mL |
110-150 mL |
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Maximum oxygen uptake |
35 mL/min (20-60 mL/min) |
35 mL/min (20-60 mL/min) |
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Pulmonary vascular resistance |
2-12 (kPa-s)/L |
20-130 (dyn-s)/cm5 |
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Systemic vascular resistance |
77-150 (kPa-s)/L |
770-1600 (dyn-s)/cm5 |
TABLE A-12
GASTROINTESTINAL TESTS
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TEST |
RESULTS |
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SI UNITS |
CONVENTIONAL UNITS |
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Absorption tests |
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D-Xylose: after overnight fast, 25 g xylose given in oral aqueous solution |
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Urine, collected for following 5 h |
25% of ingested dose |
25% of ingested dose |
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Serum, 2 h after dose |
2.0-3.5 mmol/L |
30-52 mg/dL |
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Vitamin A: a fasting blood specimen is obtained |
Serum level should rise to |
Serum level should rise to twice |
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and 200,000 units of vitamin A in oil is given orally |
twice fasting level in 3-5 h |
fasting level in 3-5 h |
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Bentiromide test (pancreatic function): 500 mg bentiromide (chymex) orally; p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) measured |
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Plasma |
>3.6 (±1.1) μg/mL at 90 min |
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Urine |
>50% recovered in 6 h |
>50% recovered in 6 h |
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Gastric juice |
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Volume |
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24 h |
2-3 L |
2-3 L |
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Nocturnal |
600-700 mL |
600-700 mL |
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Basal, fasting |
30-70 mL/h |
30-70 mL/h |
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Reaction |
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pH |
1.6-1.8 |
1.6-1.8 |
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Titratable acidity of fasting juice |
4-9 μmol/s |
15-35 meq/h |
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Acid output |
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Basal |
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Females (mean ± 1 SD) |
0.6 ± 0.5 μmol/s |
2.0 ± 1.8 meq/h |
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Males (mean ± 1 SD) |
0.8 ± 0.6 μmol/s |
3.0 ± 2.0 meq/h |
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Maximal (after SC histamine acid phosphate, 0.004 mg/kg body weight, and preceded by 50 mg promethazine, or after betazole, 1.7 mg/kg body weight, or pentagastrin, 6 μg/kg body weight) |
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Females (mean ± 1 SD) |
4.4 ± 1.4 μmol/s |
16 ± 5 meq/h |
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Males (mean ± 1 SD) |
6.4 ± 1.4 μmol/s |
23 ± 5 meq/h |
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Basal acid output/maximal acid output ratio |
<0.6 |
<0.6 |
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Gastrin, serum |
0-200 μg/L |
0-200 pg/mL |
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Secretin test (pancreatic exocrine function): 1 unit/kg body weight, IV |
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Volume (pancreatic juice) in 80 min |
>2.0 mL/kg |
>2.0 mL/kg |
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Bicarbonate concentration |
>80 mmol/L |
>80 meq/L |
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Bicarbonate output in 30 min |
>10 mmol |
>10 meq |
TABLE A-13
NORMAL VALUES OF DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS IN ADULTS
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RANGE |
MEAN |
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RVD (cm), measured at the base in apical 4-chamber view |
2.6-4.3 |
3.5 ± 0.4 |
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LVID (cm), measured in the parasternal long axis view |
3.6-5.4 |
4.7 ± 0.4 |
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Posterior LV wall thickness (cm) |
0.6-1.1 |
0.9 ± 0.4 |
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IVS wall thickness (cm) |
0.6-1.1 |
0.9 ± 0.4 |
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Left atrial dimension (cm), antero-posterior dimension |
2.3-3.8 |
3.0 ± 0.3 |
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Aortic root dimension (cm) |
2.0-3.5 |
2.4 ± 0.4 |
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Aortic cusps separation (cm) |
1.5-2.6 |
1.9 ± 0.4 |
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Percentage of fractional shortening |
34-44% |
36% |
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Mitral flow (m/s) |
0.6-1.3 |
0.9 |
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Tricuspid flow (m/s) |
0.3-0.7 |
0.5 |
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Pulmonary artery (m/s) |
0.6-0.9 |
0.75 |
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Aorta (m/s) |
1.0-1.7 |
1.35 |
Note: RVD, right ventricular dimension; LVID, left ventricular internal dimension; LV, left ventricle; IVS, interventricular septum.
TABLE A-14
SUMMARY OF VALUES USEFUL IN PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY
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TYPICAL VALUES |
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SYMBOL |
MAN, AGE 40, 75 kg, 175-cm TALL |
WOMAN, AGE 40, 60 kg, 160-cm TALL |
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Pulmonary Mechanics |
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Spirometry—volume-time curves |
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Forced vital capacity |
FVC |
5.1 L |
3.6 L |
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Forced expiratory volume in 1 s |
FEV1 |
4.1 L |
2.9 L |
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FEV/FVC |
FEV1lXo |
80% |
82% |
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Maximal mid-expiratory flow |
MMF (FEF 25-27) |
4.8 L/s |
3.6 L/s |
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Maximal expiratory flow rate |
MEFR (FEF 200-1200) |
9.4 L/s |
6.1 L/s |
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Spirometry—flow-volume curves |
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Maximal expiratory flow at 50% of expired vital capacity |
Vmax 50 (FEF 50%) |
6.1 L/s |
4.6 L/s |
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Maximal expiratory flow at 75% of expired vital capacity |
Vmax 75 (FEF 75%) |
3.1 L/s |
2.5 L/s |
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Resistance to airflow |
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Pulmonary resistance |
RL (RL) |
<3.0 (cmH2O/s)/L |
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Airway resistance |
Raw |
<2.5 (cmH2O/s)/L |
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Specific conductance |
SGaw |
>0.13 cmH2O/s |
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Pulmonary compliance |
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Static recoil pressure at total lung capacity |
Pst TLC |
25 ± 5 cmH2O |
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Compliance of lungs (static) |
CL |
0.2 L cmH2O |
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Compliance of lungs and thorax |
C(L + T) |
0.1 L cmH2O |
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Dynamic compliance of 20 breaths per minute |
C dyn 20 |
0.25 ± 0.05 L/cmH2O |
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Maximal static respiratory pressures |
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Maximal inspiratory pressure |
MIP |
>90 cmH2O |
>50 cmH2O |
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Maximal expiratory pressure |
MEP |
>150 cmH2O |
>120 cmH2O |
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Lung Volumes |
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Total lung capacity |
TLC |
6.7 L |
4.9 L |
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Functional residual capacity |
FRC |
3.7 L |
2.8 L |
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Residual volume |
RV |
2.0 L |
1.6 L |
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Inspiratory capacity |
IC |
3.3 L |
2.3 L |
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Expiratory reserve volume |
ERV |
1.7 L |
1.1 L |
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Vital capacity |
VC |
5.0 L |
3.4 L |
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Gas Exchange (Sea Level) |
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Arterial O2 tension |
Pao2 |
12.7 ± 0.7 kPa (95 ± 5 mmHg) |
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Arterial CO2 tension |
PaCO2 |
5.3 ± 0.3 kPa (40 ± 2 mmHg) |
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Arterial O2 saturation |
Sao2 pH 2 |
0.97 ± 0.02 (97 ± 2%) |
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Arterial blood pH |
7.40 ± 0.02 |
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Arterial bicarbonate |
HCO3- |
24 + 2 meq/L |
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Base excess |
BE |
0 ± 2 meq/L |
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Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (single breath) |
DLCO |
0.42 mL CO/s per mmHg (25 mL CO/min per mmHg) |
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Dead space volume |
VD |
2 mL/kg body wt |
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Physiologic dead space; dead space-tidal volume ratio |
Vo/VT |
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Rest |
<35% VT |
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Exercise |
<20% VT |
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Alveolar-arterial difference for O2 |
P(A – a)o2 |
<2.7 kPa <20 kPa (<20 mmHg) |
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Miscellaneous
TABLE A-15
BODY FLUIDS AND OTHER MASS DATA
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SI UNITS |
REFERENCE RANGE |
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CONVENTIONAL UNITS |
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Ascitic fluid |
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Body fluid |
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Total volume (lean) of body weight |
50% (in obese) to 70% |
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Intracellular |
0.3-0.4 of body weight |
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Extracellular |
0.2-0.3 of body weight |
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Blood |
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Total volume |
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Males |
69 mL per kg body weight |
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Females |
65 mL per kg body weight |
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Plasma volume |
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Males |
39 mL per kg body weight |
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Females Red blood cell volume |
40 mL per kg body weight |
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Males |
30 mL per kg body weight |
1.15-1.21 L/m2 of body surface area |
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Females |
25 mL per kg body weight |
0.95-1.00 L/m2 of body surface area |
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Body mass index |
18.5-24.9 kg/m2 |
18.5-24.9 kg/m2 |
TABLE A-16
RADIATION-DERIVED UNITS
|
QUANTITY |
OLD UNIT |
SI UNIT |
NAME FOR SI UNIT (AND ABBREVIATION) |
CONVERSION |
|
Activity |
curie (Ci) |
Disintegrations per second (dps) |
becquerel (Bq) |
1 Ci = 3.7 X 1010 Bq 1 mCi = 37 mBq 1 μΦ = 0.037 MBq or 37 GBq 1 Bq = 2.703 X 10-11 Ci |
|
Absorbed dose |
rad |
joule per kilogram (J/kg) |
gray (Gy) |
1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 0.01 Gy 1 mrad = 10-3 cGy |
|
Exposure |
roentgen (R) |
coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) |
1 C/kg = 3876 R 1 R = 2.58 X 10-4 C/kg 1 mR = 258 pC/kg |
|
|
Dose equivalent |
rem |
joule per kilogram (J/kg) |
sievert (Sv) |
1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = 0.01 Sv 1 mrem = 10 μSv |
