The majority of calcium-binding proteins involved in intracellular
signal transduction are characterized by a common helix-loop-helix structural protein motif in their
binding sites that is termed the EF-hand. Well over a thousand EF-hand motif sequences have been identified. An exquisite fine-tuning of the packaging of EF-hands provides these proteins with both high selectivity for
and the ability to respond rapidly and efficiently to the modest (100-fold) changes in concentration associated with
signals. In fact, the unique relationship between the EF-hand motif and
binding extends beyond the ability to transduce
signals, as other members of this protein family have critical roles in the uptake, transport and homeostasis of
The term "EF-hand motif’ was introduced by Kretsinger on examination of the three-dimensional structure of parvalbumin, the first member of the EF-hand
binding protein family whose three-dimensional structure was determined (1). A great deal of structural insight into the variability of the EF-hand motif has been obtained from subsequent X-ray crystallography and NMR solution structure analysis of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins. EF-hand motifs almost always occur in pairs packed together in a face-to-face manner, forming a stable globular domain (Fig. 1). The pairing of sites is presumed to stabilize the protein conformation, increase the
affinity of each site over that of isolated sites, and provide a ready means for the cooperativity in the binding of
that is critical to their function. The conformations of EF-hands are variable and are dependent on whether ions are bound (see Calcium-Binding Proteins).
Figure 1. Ribbon diagram of the canonical EF-hand of the ^-terminal domain of calmodulin using the coordinates of 1CFC (3).
The canonical EF-hand consists of a 29-residue contiguous segment of polypeptide chain containing an a-helix designated as E in the original parvalbumin structure (residues 1-10), a loop around the calcium ion (residues 10-21), and a second a-helix designated F (residues 19-29). The consensus sequence is shown in Figure 2. Residues 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 21 chelate the Ca ion. Residues 10, 12, and 14 provide monodentate oxygen ligands, and residue 21 provides a bidentate oxygen ligand, all via side-chain carboxyl groups. Residue 16 directly coordinates Ca via its main-chain oxygen. Residue 18 ligates Ca indirectly, through a stably bound water molecule. Other residues have been assigned specific roles in stabilizing the EF-hand motif. For example, a central hydrophobic core is formed from the side chains of residues 2, 5, 6, and 9 of helix E; 22, 25, 26, and 29 of helix F; and 17 from the binding loop.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the consensus sequence for the EF-hand Ca2+-binding motif. Residues marked with * have no constraints on which amino acids occur there. Residue 16, #, chelates the calcium by its backbone carbonyl oxygen atom. The residues of the E and F helices marked "n" must be nonpolar for packing of the two helices.
Most EF-hand proteins use this canonical motif. The S100 proteins (an important subfamily of Ca -binding proteins), however, have a two-residue insertion and a modified coordination scheme in the first binding loop. In these pseudo-EF-hands, residues 10, 13, 15, and 18 chelate the Ca ion via their main-chain carbonyl oxygen atoms, whereas residue 20 chelates indirectly via a water molecule, and acidic residue 23 provides bidentate ligation via its side-chain carboxylate. The role of these pseudo-EF-hands in modulating the structure or function of S100 proteins is still under investigation, although there is evidence that the packaging of a pseudo-EF-hand and a canonical EF-hand attenuates the changes in the structure and dynamics of the protein induced by the binding of calcium (2).
