The Alfred B. Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the world’s most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement. They are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel and administered by the Nobel Foundation. Nobel’s 1895 will established five of the six prizes: those for physics, chemistry, literature, physiology or medicine, and peace. The prize for economic sciences was added in 1969. Each year thousands of invitations are sent out to members of scholarly academies, scientists, university professors, previous Nobel laureates, members of parliaments and other assemblies, and others, requesting nominations for the various prizes. The country given is the citizenship of the recipient at the time that the award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision. Prizes are announced in mid-October and awarded in December in Stockholm and Oslo. A cash award of SEK 10 million (about US$1,560,000), a personal diploma, and a commemorative medal are given for each prize category.
Nobel Foundation Web site: http://nobelprize.org.
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1901 |
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen |
Germany discovery of X-rays |
|
1902 |
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz |
Neth. investigation of the influence |
|
|
Pieter Zeeman |
Neth. } of magnetism on radiation |
|
1903 |
Henri Becquerel |
France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity |
|
|
Marie Curie |
France i investigations of radiation phenomena |
|
|
Pierre Curie |
France J discovered by Becquerel |
|
1904 |
John William Strutt, |
UK discovery of argon |
|
|
3rd Baron Rayleigh |
|
|
|
(of Terling Place) |
|
|
1905 |
Philipp Lenard |
Germany research on cathode rays |
|
1906 |
J.J. Thomson |
UK research into the electrical conductivity of gases |
|
1907 |
A.A. Michelson |
US spectroscopic and metrological investigations |
|
1908 |
Gabriel Lippmann |
France photographic reproduction of colors |
|
1909 |
Ferdinand Braun |
Germany development of |
|
Guglielmo Marconi |
Italy } wireless telegraphy |
|
|
1910 |
Johannes Diederik |
Neth. research concerning the equation of state |
|
van der Waals |
of gases and liquids |
|
|
1911 |
Wilhelm Wien |
Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation |
|
1912 |
Nils Dalen |
Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting |
|
1913 |
Heike Kamerlingh |
coastal beacons and light buoys Neth. investigation into the properties of matter at |
|
Onnes |
low temperatures; production of liquid helium |
|
|
1914 |
Max von Laue |
Germany discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals |
|
1915 |
Lawrence Bragg |
UK analysis of crystal structure |
|
William Bragg |
UK j by means of X-rays |
|
|
1917 |
Charles Glover Barkla |
UK discovery of the characteristic X-radiation of elements |
|
1918 |
Max Planck |
Germany discovery of the elemental quanta |
|
1919 |
Johannes Stark |
Germany discovery of the Doppler effect in positive ion rays and |
|
1920 |
Charles Edouard |
the division of spectral lines in the electric field Switz. discovery of anomalies in alloys |
|
|
Guillaume |
|
|
1921 |
Albert Einstein |
Switz. work in theoretical physics |
|
1922 |
Niels Bohr |
Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation |
|
1923 |
Robert Andrews |
US work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the |
|
|
Millikan |
photoelectric effect |
|
1924 |
Karl Manne Georg |
Sweden work in X-ray spectroscopy |
|
|
Siegbahn |
|
|
1925 |
James Franck |
Germany i discovery of the laws governing the |
|
|
Gustav Hertz |
Germany j impact of an electron upon an atom |
|
1926 |
Jean Perrin |
France work on the discontinuous structure of matter |
|
1927 |
Arthur Holly Compton |
US discovery of the wavelength change in diffused X-rays |
|
|
C.T.R. Wilson |
UK method of making visible the paths of electrically |
|
1928 |
Owen Willans Richardson |
charged particles UK work on electron emission by hot metals |
|
1929 |
Louis-Victor, 7e duc |
France discovery of the wave nature of electrons |
|
|
(duke) de Broglie |
|
|
1930 |
Chandrasekhara |
India work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effect, |
|
|
Venkata Raman |
light wavelength variation that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1932 |
Werner Heisenberg |
Germany |
creation of quantum mechanics |
|
1933 |
P.A.M. Dirac |
UK |
introduction of wave equations |
|
|
Erwin Schrodinger |
Austria |
‘ in quantum mechanics |
|
1935 |
James Chadwick |
UK |
discovery of the neutron |
|
1936 |
Carl David Anderson |
US |
discovery of the positron |
|
|
Victor Francis Hess |
Austria |
discovery of cosmic radiation |
|
1937 |
Clinton Joseph Davisson |
US |
experimental demonstration of the interference |
|
|
George Paget Thomson |
UK |
‘ phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons |
|
1938 |
Enrico Fermi |
Italy |
disclosure of artificial radioactive elements |
|
|
|
|
produced by neutron irradiation |
|
1939 |
Ernest Orlando Lawrence |
US |
invention of the cyclotron |
|
1943 |
Otto Stern |
US |
discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton |
|
1944 |
Isidor Isaac Rabi |
US |
resonance method for the registration of various |
|
|
|
|
properties of atomic nuclei |
|
1945 |
Wolfgang Pauli |
Austria |
discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons |
|
1946 |
Percy Williams Bridgman |
US |
discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics |
|
1947 |
Edward V. Appleton |
UK |
discovery of the Appleton layer in the upper atmosphere |
|
1948 |
Patrick M.S. Blackett |
UK |
discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and |
|
|
|
|
cosmic radiation |
|
1949 |
Hideki Yukawa |
Japan |
prediction of the existence of mesons |
|
1950 |
Cecil Frank Powell |
UK |
photographic method of studying nuclear |
|
|
|
|
processes; discoveries concerning mesons |
|
1951 |
John D. Cockcroft |
UK |
work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei |
|
|
Ernest T.S. Walton |
Ireland |
‘ by accelerated particles |
|
1952 |
Felix Bloch |
US |
discovery of nuclear magnetic |
|
|
E.M. Purcell |
US |
‘ resonance in solids |
|
1953 |
Frits Zernike |
Neth. |
method of phase-contrast microscopy |
|
1954 |
Max Born |
UK |
statistical studies of atomic wave functions |
|
|
Walther Bothe |
W.Ger. |
invention of the coincidence method |
|
1955 |
Polykarp Kusch |
US |
measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron |
|
|
Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. |
US |
discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum |
|
1956 |
John Bardeen |
US |
investigations on |
|
|
Walter H. Brattain |
US |
. semiconductors and the |
|
|
William B. Shockley |
US |
invention of the transistor |
|
1957 |
Tsung-Dao Lee |
China |
discovery of violations of the principle of parity, the |
|
|
Chen Ning Yang |
China |
‘ symmetry between phenomena in coordinate systems |
|
1958 |
Pavel Alexeyevich |
USSR |
discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect, |
|
Cherenkov |
|
which indicates that electrons emit light as they |
|
|
Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank |
USSR |
‘ pass through a transparent medium at a speed |
|
|
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm |
USSR |
higher than the speed of light in that medium |
|
|
1959 |
Owen Chamberlain |
US |
confirmation of the existence |
|
Emilio Segre |
US |
‘ of the antiproton |
|
|
1960 |
Donald A. Glaser |
US |
development of the bubble chamber |
|
1961 |
Robert Hofstadter |
US |
determination of the shape and size of atomic nucleons |
|
Rudolf Ludwig |
W.Ger. |
discovery of the Mossbauer effect, a nuclear process |
|
|
Mossbauer |
|
permitting the resonance absorption of gamma rays |
|
|
1962 |
Lev Davidovich Landau |
USSR |
contributions to the understanding of condensed |
|
|
states of matter |
||
|
1963 |
J. Hans D. Jensen |
W.Ger. |
development of the shell model theory of |
|
Maria Goeppert Mayer |
US |
‘ the structure of the atomic nuclei |
|
|
Eugene Paul Wigner |
US |
principles governing the interaction of protons and |
|
|
|
neutrons in the nucleus |
||
|
1964 |
Nikolay G. Basov |
USSR |
work in quantum electronics leading to the |
|
Aleksandr M. Prokhorov |
USSR |
. construction of instruments based on |
|
|
Charles Hard Townes |
US |
maser-laser principles |
|
|
1965 |
Richard P. Feynman |
US |
work in quantum electrodynamics, which |
|
Julian Seymour Schwinge |
US |
. describes mathematically all interactions of light with |
|
|
Shin’ichiro Tomonaga |
Japan |
matter and of charged particles with one another |
|
|
1966 |
Alfred Kastler |
France |
discovery of optical methods for studying |
|
|
Hertzian resonances in atoms |
||
|
1967 |
Hans Albrecht Bethe |
US |
discoveries concerning the energy production of stars |
|
1968 |
Luis W. Alvarez |
US |
work with elementary particles, in particular the |
|
|
discovery of resonance states |
||
|
1969 |
Murray Gell-Mann |
US |
classification of elementary particles and their |
|
|
interactions |
||
|
1970 |
Hannes Alfven |
Sweden |
work in magnetohydrodynamics and |
|
Louis-Eugene-Felix Neel |
France |
in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism |
|
|
1971 |
Dennis Gabor |
UK |
invention of holography |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1972 |
John Bardeen |
US i development of the theory of superconductivity, the |
|
|
Leon N. Cooper |
US L disappearance of electrical resistance in various solids |
|
|
John Robert Schrieffer |
US when they are cooled below certain temperatures |
|
1973 |
Leo Esaki |
Japan experimental discoveries in tunneling in |
|
|
Ivar Giaever |
US } semiconductors and superconductors |
|
|
Brian D. Josephson |
UK predictions of supercurrent properties through a tunnel barrier |
|
1974 |
Antony Hewish |
UK work in radio |
|
|
Martin Ryle |
UK } astronomy |
|
1975 |
Aage N. Bohr |
Denmark work on the atomic nucleus |
|
|
Ben R. Mottelson |
Denmark . that paved the way for nuclear |
|
|
James Rainwater |
US fusion |
|
1976 |
Burton Richter |
US discovery of new class of |
|
|
Samuel C.C. Ting |
US } elementary particles (psi, or J) |
|
1977 |
Philip W. Anderson |
US contributions to understanding the |
|
|
Nevill F. Mott |
UK L behavior of electrons in |
|
|
John H. Van Vleck |
US J magnetic, noncrystalline solids |
|
1978 |
Pyotr L. Kapitsa |
USSR research in magnetism and low-temperature physics |
|
|
Arno Penzias |
US discovery of cosmic microwave background |
|
|
Robert Woodrow Wilson |
US } radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory |
|
1979 |
Sheldon Lee Glashow |
US contributions to the theory of the |
|
|
Abdus Salam |
Pakistan L unified weak and electromagnetic |
|
|
Steven Weinberg |
US interactions of subatomic particles |
|
1980 |
James Watson Cronin |
US demonstration of the simultaneous violation of both |
|
|
Val Logsdon Fitch |
US } charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries |
|
1981 |
Nicolaas Bloembergen |
US applications of lasers |
|
|
Arthur L. Schawlow |
US } in spectroscopy |
|
|
Kai M.B. Siegbahn |
Sweden development of electron spectroscopy |
|
1982 |
Kenneth G. Wilson |
US analysis of continuous phase transitions |
|
1983 |
Subrahmanyan |
US contributions to understanding the evolution and |
|
|
Chandrasekhar |
devolution of stars |
|
|
William A. Fowler |
US studies of nuclear reactions key to the formation of |
|
1984 |
Simon van der Meer |
chemical elements Neth. -j discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, |
|
|
Carlo Rubbia |
Italy } which supports the electroweak theory |
|
1985 |
Klaus von Klitzing |
W.Ger. discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance |
|
1986 |
Gerd Binnig |
W.Ger. development of the scanning tunneling |
|
|
Heinrich Rohrer |
Switz. } electron microscope |
|
|
Ernst Ruska |
W.Ger. development of the electron microscope |
|
1987 |
J. Georg Bednorz |
W.Ger. discoveries of superconductivity in |
|
|
Karl Alex Muller |
Switz. j ceramic materials |
|
1988 |
Leon Max Lederman |
US research in |
|
|
Melvin Schwartz |
US L subatomic |
|
|
Jack Steinberger |
US particles |
|
1989 |
Hans Georg Dehmelt |
US development of methods to isolate atoms |
|
|
Wolfgang Paul |
W.Ger. } and subatomic particles for study |
|
|
Norman Foster Ramsey |
US development of the atomic clock |
|
1990 |
Jerome Isaac Friedman |
US discovery of |
|
|
Henry Way Kendall |
US L atomic |
|
|
Richard E. Taylor |
Canada quarks |
|
1991 |
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes |
France discovery of general rules for behavior of molecules |
|
1992 |
Georges Charpak |
France invention of a detector that traces subatomic particles |
|
1993 |
Russell Alan Hulse |
US identification of |
|
|
Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. |
US } binary pulsars |
|
1994 |
Bertram N. Brockhouse |
Canada development of |
|
|
Clifford G. Shull |
US } neutron-scattering techniques |
|
1995 |
Martin Lewis Perl |
US discovery of the tau subatomic particle |
|
|
Frederick Reines |
US discovery of the neutrino subatomic particle |
|
1996 |
David M. Lee |
US discovery of |
|
|
Douglas D. Osheroff |
US I superfluidity in |
|
|
Robert C. Richardson |
US isotope helium-3 |
|
1997 |
Steven Chu |
US process of |
|
|
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji |
France L cooling and trapping atoms with |
|
|
William D. Phillips |
US laser light |
|
1998 |
Robert B. Laughlin |
US discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect, showing |
|
|
Horst L. Stormer |
US ^ that electrons in a low-temperature magnetic field can |
|
|
Daniel C. Tsui |
US form a quantum fluid with fractional electric charges |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1999 |
Gerardus’t Hooft |
Neth. study of the quantum structure |
|
|
Martinus J.G. Veltman |
Neth. } of electroweak interactions |
|
2000 |
Zhores I. Alferov |
Russia development of fast semiconductors |
|
|
Herbert Kroemer |
Germany } for use in microelectronics |
|
|
Jack S. Kilby |
US development of the integrated circuit (microchip) |
|
2001 |
Eric A. Cornell |
US achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute |
|
|
Wolfgang Ketterle |
Germany I gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of |
|
|
Carl E. Wieman |
US the properties of the condensates |
|
2002 |
Raymond Davis, Jr. |
US pioneering contributions to astrophysics, |
|
|
Masatoshi Koshiba |
Japan } in particular the detection of cosmic neutrinos |
|
|
Riccardo Giacconi |
US pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which |
|
2003 |
Alexei A. Abrikosov |
have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources US/Russia -I pioneering contributions |
|
|
Vitaly L. Ginzburg |
Russia I to the theory of superconductors |
|
|
Anthony J. Leggett |
UK/US J and superfluids |
|
2004 |
David J. Gross |
US discovery of asymptotic |
|
|
H. David Politzer |
US I freedom in the theory of |
|
|
Frank Wilczek |
US the strong interaction |
|
2005 |
Roy J. Glauber |
US contributions to quantum theory of optical coherence |
|
|
John L. Hall |
US contributions to the development of laser-based |
|
|
Theodor W. Hansch |
Germany I precision spectroscopy, including the optical |
|
2006 |
John C. Mather |
frequency comb technique US 1 discovery of the blackbody form and variability of |
|
|
George F. Smoot |
US J cosmic microwave background radiation |
|
2007 |
Albert Fert |
France discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance (large resistance |
|
|
Peter Grunberg |
Germany • changes in materials composed of alternating layers of |
Chemistry
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1901 |
Jacobus H. van ‘t Hoff |
Neth. |
discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and |
|
|
|
|
osmotic pressure |
|
1902 |
Emil Fischer |
Germany |
work on sugar and purine syntheses |
|
1903 |
Svante Arrhenius |
Sweden |
theory of electrolytic dissociation |
|
1904 |
William Ramsay |
UK |
discovery of inert gas elements and their |
|
|
|
|
places in the periodic system |
|
1905 |
Adolf von Baeyer |
Germany |
work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds |
|
1906 |
Henri Moissan |
France |
isolation of fluorine; introduction of the Moissan furnace |
|
1907 |
Eduard Buchner |
Germany |
discovery of noncellular fermentation |
|
1908 |
Ernest Rutherford |
UK |
investigations into the disintegration of elements |
|
|
|
|
and the chemistry of radioactive substances |
|
1909 |
Wilhelm Ostwald |
Germany |
pioneer work on catalysis, chemical |
|
|
|
|
equilibrium, and reaction velocities |
|
1910 |
Otto Wallach |
Germany |
pioneer work in alicyclic combinations |
|
1911 |
Marie Curie |
France |
discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium |
|
1912 |
Victor Grignard |
France |
discovery of the Grignard reagents |
|
|
Paul Sabatier |
France |
method of hydrogenating organic compounds |
|
1913 |
Alfred Werner |
Switz. |
work on the linkage of atoms in molecules |
|
1914 |
Theodore W. Richards |
US |
accurate determination of various atomic weights |
|
1915 |
Richard Willstatter |
Germany |
research in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll |
|
1918 |
Fritz Haber |
Germany |
synthesis of ammonia |
|
1920 |
Walther Hermann Nernst |
Germany |
work in thermochemistry |
|
1921 |
Frederick Soddy |
UK |
investigation into the chemistry of radioactive sub |
|
|
|
|
stances and the occurrence and nature of isotopes |
|
1922 |
Francis William Aston |
UK |
work with mass spectrographs; formulation of the whole- |
|
|
|
|
number rule |
|
1923 |
Fritz Pregl |
Austria |
method of microanalysis of organic substances |
|
1925 |
Richard Zsigmondy |
Austria |
elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of |
|
|
|
|
colloidal solutions |
|
1926 |
Theodor H.E. Svedberg |
Sweden |
work on disperse systems |
|
1927 |
Heinrich Otto Wieland |
Germany |
research into the constitution of bile acids |
|
1928 |
Adolf Windaus |
Germany |
research into the constitution of sterols and their |
|
|
|
|
connection with vitamins |
|
1929 |
Hans von Euler-Chelpin |
Sweden |
I investigations in the fermentation of sugars |
|
|
Arthur Harden |
UK |
‘ and the enzyme action involved |
|
1930 |
Hans Fischer |
Germany |
hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1931 |
Friedrich Bergius |
Germany |
invention and development of |
|
|
Carl Bosch |
Germany |
} chemical high-pressure methods |
|
1932 |
Irving Langmuir |
US |
discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry |
|
1934 |
Harold C. Urey |
US |
discovery of heavy hydrogen |
|
1935 |
Frederic and Irene |
France |
synthesis of new radioactive elements |
|
|
Joliot-Curie |
|
|
|
1936 |
Peter Debye |
Neth. |
work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays |
|
|
|
|
and electrons in gases |
|
1937 |
Norman Haworth |
UK |
research on carbohydrates and vitamin C |
|
|
Paul Karrer |
Switz. |
research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins |
|
1938 |
Richard Kuhn (declined) |
Germany |
carotenoid and vitamin research |
|
1939 |
Adolf Butenandt |
Germany |
work on sexual hormones |
|
|
(declined) |
|
|
|
|
Leopold Ruzicka |
Switz. |
work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes |
|
1943 |
Georg Charles von Hevesy |
Hungary |
use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research |
|
1944 |
Otto Hahn |
Germany |
discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei |
|
1945 |
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen |
Finland |
invention of the fodder preservation method |
|
1946 |
John Howard Northrop |
US |
preparation of enzymes and |
|
|
Wendell M. Stanley |
US |
} virus proteins in pure form |
|
|
James B. Sumner |
US |
discovery of enzyme crystallization |
|
1947 |
Robert Robinson |
UK |
investigation of alkaloids and other plant products |
|
1948 |
Arne Tiselius |
Sweden |
research on electrophoresis and adsorption |
|
|
|
|
analysis; discoveries concerning serum proteins |
|
1949 |
William Francis Giauque |
US |
behavior of substances at extremely low temperatures |
|
1950 |
Kurt Alder |
W.Ger. |
discovery and development of |
|
|
Otto Paul Hermann Diels |
W.Ger. |
} diene synthesis |
|
1951 |
Edwin M. McMillan |
US |
1 discovery of and research on |
|
|
Glenn T. Seaborg |
US |
} transuranium elements |
|
1952 |
A.J.P. Martin |
UK |
development of partition |
|
|
R.L.M. Synge |
UK |
} chromatography |
|
1953 |
Hermann Staudinger |
W.Ger. |
work on macromolecules |
|
1954 |
Linus Pauling |
US |
study of the nature of the chemical bond |
|
1955 |
Vincent du Vigneaud |
US |
first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone |
|
1956 |
Cyril N. Hinshelwood |
UK |
work on the kinetics of |
|
|
Nikolay N. Semyonov |
USSR |
} chemical reactions |
|
1957 |
Alexander Robertus |
UK |
work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes |
|
|
Todd, Baron Todd |
|
|
|
|
(of Trumpington) |
|
|
|
1958 |
Frederick Sanger |
UK |
determination of the structure of the insulin molecule |
|
1959 |
Jaroslav Heyrovsky |
Czecho- |
discovery and development of polarography |
|
|
|
slovakia |
|
|
1960 |
Willard Frank Libby |
US |
development of radiocarbon dating |
|
1961 |
Melvin Calvin |
US |
study of chemical steps that take place during |
|
|
|
|
photosynthesis |
|
1962 |
John C. Kendrew |
UK |
determination of the structure of |
|
|
Max Ferdinand Perutz |
UK |
} hemoproteins |
|
1963 |
Giulio Natta |
Italy |
research into the structure and synthesis of polymers |
|
|
Karl Ziegler |
W.Ger. |
} in the field of plastics |
|
1964 |
Dorothy M.C. Hodgkin |
UK |
determination of the structure of biochemical |
|
|
|
|
compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia |
|
1965 |
R.B. Woodward |
US |
synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances |
|
1966 |
Robert S. Mulliken |
US |
work concerning chemical bonds and the |
|
|
|
|
electronic structure of molecules |
|
1967 |
Manfred Eigen |
W.Ger. |
studies of extremely fast chemical reactions |
|
|
Ronald G.W. Norrish |
UK |
studies of extremely fast |
|
|
George Porter |
UK |
} chemical reactions |
|
1968 |
Lars Onsager |
US |
work on the theory of thermodynamics of irreversible |
|
|
|
|
processes |
|
1969 |
Derek H.R. Barton |
UK |
work in determining the actual three-dimensional |
|
|
Odd Hassel |
Norway |
} shape of molecules |
|
1970 |
Luis Federico Leloir |
Argentina |
discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the |
|
|
|
|
biosynthesis of carbohydrates |
|
1971 |
Gerhard Herzberg |
Canada |
research in the structure of molecules |
|
1972 |
Christian B. Anfinsen |
US |
fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry |
|
|
Stanford Moore |
US |
fundamental contributions |
|
|
William H. Stein |
US |
} to enzyme chemistry |
|
1973 |
Ernst Otto Fischer |
W.Ger. |
organometallic |
|
|
Geoffrey Wilkinson |
UK |
} chemistry |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1974 |
Paul J. Flory |
US studies of long-chain molecules |
|
1975 |
John W. Cornforth |
UK i work in |
|
|
Vladimir Prelog |
Switz. ! stereochemistry |
|
1976 |
William N. Lipscomb, Jr. |
US studies on the structure of boranes |
|
1977 |
Ilya Prigogine |
Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamics |
|
1978 |
Peter Dennis Mitchell |
UK formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in |
|
|
|
biological systems |
|
1979 |
Herbert Charles Brown |
US introduction of compounds of boron and |
|
|
|
phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances |
|
|
Georg Wittig |
W.Ger. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in |
|
|
|
the synthesis of organic substances |
|
1980 |
Paul Berg |
US first preparation of a hybrid DNA |
|
|
Walter Gilbert |
US development of chemical and |
|
|
Frederick Sanger |
UK } biological analyses of DNA structure |
|
1981 |
Kenichi Fukui |
Japan orbital symmetry interpretation |
|
|
Roald Hoffmann |
US } of chemical reactions |
|
1982 |
Aaron Klug |
UK determination of the structure of biological substances |
|
1983 |
Henry Taube |
US study of electron transfer reactions |
|
1984 |
Bruce Merrifield |
US development of a method of polypeptide synthesis |
|
1985 |
Herbert A. Hauptman |
US development of a way to map the |
|
|
Jerome Karle |
US } chemical structure of small molecules |
|
1986 |
Dudley R. Herschbach |
US development of methods |
|
|
Yuan T. Lee |
US I for analyzing basic |
|
|
John C. Polanyi |
Canada chemical reactions |
|
1987 |
Donald J. Cram |
US development of molecules |
|
|
Jean-Marie Lehn |
France l that can link with |
|
|
Charles J. Pedersen |
US other molecules |
|
1988 |
Johann Deisenhofer |
W.Ger. discovery of structure |
|
|
Robert Huber |
W.Ger. 1 proteins needed |
|
|
Hartmut Michel |
W.Ger. in photosynthesis |
|
1989 |
Sidney Altman |
US discovery of certain |
|
|
Thomas Robert Cech |
US } basic properties of RNA |
|
1990 |
Elias James Corey |
US development of retrosynthetic analysis for |
|
|
|
synthesis of complex molecules |
|
1991 |
Richard R. Ernst |
Switz. improvements in nuclear magnetic |
|
|
|
resonance spectroscopy |
|
1992 |
Rudolph A. Marcus |
US explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules |
|
1993 |
Kary B. Mullis |
US invention of techniques for |
|
|
Michael Smith |
Canada } gene study and manipulation |
|
1994 |
George A. Olah |
US development of techniques to study |
|
|
|
hydrocarbon molecules |
|
1995 |
Paul Crutzen |
Neth. explanation of processes |
|
|
Mario Molina |
US (. that deplete Earth’s |
|
|
F. Sherwood Rowland |
US ozone layer |
|
1996 |
Robert F. Curl, Jr. |
US discovery of new |
|
|
Harold W. Kroto |
UK l carbon compounds |
|
|
Richard E. Smalley |
US called fullerenes |
|
1997 |
Paul D. Boyer |
US explanation of the enzymatic |
|
|
John E. Walker |
UK j conversion of adenosine triphosphate |
|
|
Jens C. Skou |
Denmark discovery of sodium-potassium-activated |
|
|
|
adenosine triphosphatase |
|
1998 |
Walter Kohn |
US development of the density-functional theory |
|
|
John A. Pople |
UK development of computational methods in |
|
|
|
quantum chemistry |
|
1999 |
Ahmed H. Zewail |
Egypt/US study of the transition states of chemical |
|
|
|
reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy |
|
2000 |
Alan J. Heeger |
US discovery of plastics |
|
|
Alan G. MacDiarmid |
US that conduct |
|
|
Hideki Shirakawa |
Japan electricity |
|
2001 |
William S. Knowles |
US work on chirally catalyzed |
|
|
Ryoji Noyori |
Japan J hydrogenation reactions |
|
|
K. Barry Sharpless |
US work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions |
|
2002 |
John B. Fenn |
US development of soft desorption ionization methods |
|
|
Koichi Tanaka |
Japan [ for mass spectrometric analyses of biological |
|
|
|
macromolecules |
|
|
Kurt Wuthrich |
Switz. development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY ACHIEVEMENT |
|
2003 |
Peter Agre |
US cell membrane channel |
|
|
Roderick MacKinnon |
US } discoveries |
|
2004 |
Aaron Ciechanover |
Israel discovery of |
|
|
Avram Hershko |
Israel L ubiquitin-mediated |
|
|
Irwin Rose |
US protein degradation |
|
2005 |
Yves Chauvin |
France development of the |
|
|
Robert H. Grubbs |
US . metathesis method in |
|
|
Richard R. Schrock |
US organic synthesis |
|
2006 |
Roger D. Kornberg |
US studies of the molecular basis of |
|
|
|
eukaryotic transcription |
|
2007 |
Gerhard Ertl |
Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces |
|
|
|
Physiology or Medicine |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1901 |
Emil von Behring |
Germany work on serum therapy |
|
1902 |
Ronald Ross |
UK discovery of how malaria enters an organism |
|
1903 |
Niels Ryberg Finsen |
Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light |
|
1904 |
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov |
Russia work on the physiology of digestion |
|
1905 |
Robert Koch |
Germany tuberculosis research |
|
1906 |
Camillo Golgi |
Italy -i work on the structure |
|
|
Santiago Ramon y Cajal |
Spain j of the nervous system |
|
1907 |
Alphonse Laveran |
France discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases |
|
1908 |
Paul Ehrlich |
Germany i work on |
|
|
Elie Metchnikoff |
Russia j immunity |
|
1909 |
Emil Theodor Kocher |
Switz. work on aspects of the thyroid gland |
|
1910 |
Albrecht Kossel |
Germany researches in cellular chemistry |
|
1911 |
Allvar Gullstrand |
Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye |
|
1912 |
Alexis Carrel |
France work on the vascular suture; the transplantation of organs |
|
1913 |
Charles Richet |
France work on anaphylaxis |
|
1914 |
Robert Barany |
Austria- work on vestibular apparatus |
|
|
|
Hungary |
|
1919 |
Jules Bordet |
Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum |
|
1920 |
August Krogh |
Denmark discovery of the capillary motor-regulating mechanism |
|
1922 |
A.V. Hill |
UK discoveries concerning heat production in muscles |
|
|
Otto Meyerhof |
Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles |
|
1923 |
Frederick G. Banting |
Canada i discovery of |
|
|
J.J.R. Macleod |
UK j insulin |
|
1924 |
Willem Einthoven |
Neth. discovery of the electrocardiogram mechanism |
|
1926 |
Johannes Fibiger |
Denmark contributions to cancer research |
|
1927 |
Julius Wagner-Jauregg |
Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica |
|
1928 |
Charles-Jules-Henri |
France work on typhus |
|
|
Nicolle |
|
|
1929 |
Christiaan Eijkman |
Neth. discovery of the antineuritic vitamin |
|
|
Frederick Gowland |
UK discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins |
|
|
Hopkins |
|
|
1930 |
Karl Landsteiner |
US discovery of human blood groups |
|
1931 |
Otto Warburg |
Germany discovery of the nature and action |
|
|
|
ofthe respiratoryenzyme |
|
1932 |
Edgar Douglas Adrian, |
UK discoveries |
|
|
1st Baron Adrian |
regarding the |
|
|
(of Cambridge) |
‘ functions |
|
|
Charles Scott Sherrington |
UK of neurons |
|
1933 |
Thomas Hunt Morgan |
US discoveries concerning chromosomal heredity functions |
|
1934 |
George Richards Minot |
US discoveries concerning |
|
|
William P. Murphy |
US I liver treatment |
|
|
George H. Whipple |
US for anemia |
|
1935 |
Hans Spemann |
Germany discovery of the organizer effect in embryos |
|
1936 |
Henry Dale |
UK i work on the chemical |
|
|
Otto Loewi |
Germany J transmission of nerve impulses |
|
1937 |
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi |
Hungary work on biological combustion |
|
1938 |
Corneille Heymans |
Belgium discovery of the role of sinus and aortic mechanisms |
|
|
|
in respiration regulation |
|
1939 |
Gerhard Domagk |
Germany discovery of the antibacterial effect of Prontosil |
|
|
(declined) |
|
|
1943 |
Henrik Dam |
Denmark discovery of vitamin K |
|
|
Edward Adelbert Doisy |
US discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1944 |
Joseph Erlanger |
US i research on differentiated |
|
|
Herbert S. Gasser |
US } functions of nerve fibers |
|
1945 |
Ernst Boris Chain |
UK discovery of penicillin |
|
|
Alexander Fleming |
UK and its curative value |
|
|
Howard Walter Florey, |
Australia |
|
|
Baron Florey |
|
|
1946 |
Hermann J. Muller |
US production of mutations by X-ray irradiation |
|
1947 |
Carl and Gerty Cori |
US discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted |
|
|
Bernardo A. Houssay |
Argentina discovery of the pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism |
|
1948 |
Paul Hermann Muller |
Switz. discovery of properties of DDT |
|
1949 |
Antonio Egas Moniz |
Portugal discovery of therapeutic value in leucotomy for psychoses |
|
|
Walter Rudolf Hess |
Switz. discovery of function of interbrain |
|
1950 |
Philip Showalter Hench |
US research on adrenal cortex |
|
|
Edward Calvin Kendall |
US I hormones, their structure, and |
|
|
Tadeus Reichstein |
Switz. their biological effects |
|
1951 |
Max Theiler |
South yellow fever discoveries Africa |
|
1952 |
Selman A. Waksman |
US discovery of streptomycin |
|
1953 |
Hans Adolf Krebs |
UK discovery of the citric-acid cycle |
|
|
Fritz Albert Lipmann |
US discovery of coenzyme A metabolism |
|
1954 |
John Franklin Enders |
US cultivation of the |
|
|
Frederick C. Robbins |
US I poliomyelitis virus in |
|
|
Thomas H. Weller |
US tissue cultures |
|
1955 |
Axel H.T. Theorell |
Sweden discoveries concerning oxidation enzymes |
|
1956 |
Andre F. Cournand |
US discoveries concerning |
|
|
Werner Forssmann |
W.Ger. 1 heart catheterization and |
|
|
Dickinson W. Richards |
US circulatory changes |
|
1957 |
Daniel Bovet |
Italy production of synthetic curare |
|
1958 |
George Wells Beadle |
US discovery of the genetic regulation |
|
|
Edward L. Tatum |
US S of chemical processes |
|
|
Joshua Lederberg |
US discoveries concerning genetic recombination |
|
1959 |
Arthur Kornberg |
US i work on producing nucleic |
|
|
Severo Ochoa |
US } acids artificially |
|
1960 |
Macfarlane Burnet |
Australia discovery of acquired immunity to |
|
|
Peter B. Medawar |
UK j tissue transplants |
|
1961 |
Georg von Bekesy |
US discovery of functions of the inner ear |
|
1962 |
Francis H.C. Crick |
UK discoveries concerning |
|
|
James Dewey Watson |
US I the molecular structure |
|
Maurice Wilkins |
UK J of DNA |
|
|
1963 |
John Carew Eccles |
Australia study of the transmission |
|
Alan Hodgkin |
UK I of impulses along |
|
|
Andrew F. Huxley |
UK a nerve fiber |
|
|
1964 |
Konrad Bloch |
US discoveries concerning |
|
|
Feodor Lynen |
W.Ger. j cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism |
|
1965 |
Frangois Jacob |
France discoveries concerning |
|
|
Andre Lwoff |
France I regulatory activities |
|
|
Jacques Monod |
France of the body cells |
|
1966 |
Charles B. Huggins |
US research on causes and |
|
|
Peyton Rous |
US j treatment of cancer |
|
1967 |
Ragnar Arthur Granit |
Sweden discoveries about chemical |
|
|
Haldan Keffer Hartline |
US I and physiological visual |
|
|
George Wald |
US processes in the eye |
|
1968 |
Robert William Holley |
US deciphering |
|
|
Har Gobind Khorana |
US I of the |
|
|
Marshall W. Nirenberg |
US genetic code |
|
1969 |
Max Delbruck |
US research and discoveries |
|
|
A.D. Hershey |
US I concerning viruses and |
|
|
Salvador Luria |
US viral diseases |
|
1970 |
Julius Axelrod |
US discoveries concerning |
|
|
Ulf von Euler |
Sweden > the chemistry of |
|
|
Sir Bernard Katz |
UK nerve transmission |
|
1971 |
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. |
US discoveries concerning the action of hormones |
|
1972 |
Gerald M. Edelman |
US ■) research on the chemical |
|
|
Rodney Robert Porter |
UK j structure of antibodies |
|
1973 |
Karl von Frisch |
Austria discoveries in |
|
|
Konrad Lorenz |
Austria I animal behavior |
|
|
Nikolaas Tinbergen |
UK patterns |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1974 |
Albert Claude |
US research on the structural |
|
|
Christian Rene de Duve |
Belgium • and functional organization |
|
|
George E. Palade |
US of cells |
|
1975 |
David Baltimore |
US discoveries concerning the interaction between |
|
|
Renato Dulbecco |
US I tumor viruses and the genetic |
|
|
Howard Martin Temin |
US material of the cell |
|
1976 |
Baruch S. Blumberg |
US i studies of the origin and |
|
|
D. Carleton Gajdusek |
US J spread of infectious diseases |
|
1977 |
Roger C.L. Guillemin |
US i research on pituitary |
|
|
Andrew Victor Schally |
US J hormones |
|
|
Rosalyn S. Yalow |
US development of radioimmunoassay |
|
1978 |
Werner Arber |
Switz. discovery and application |
|
|
Daniel Nathans |
US of enzymes that |
|
|
Hamilton O. Smith |
US fragment DNA |
|
1979 |
Allan M. Cormack |
US i development of |
|
|
Godfrey N. Hounsfield |
UK J the CAT scan |
|
1980 |
Baruj Benacerraf |
US investigations of genetic |
|
|
Jean Dausset |
France control of the response of the |
|
|
George Davis Snell |
US immune system to foreign substances |
|
1981 |
David Hunter Hubel |
US i discoveries concerning the processing of visual |
|
|
Torsten Nils Wiesel |
Sweden J information by the brain |
|
|
Roger Wolcott Sperry |
US discoveries concerning cerebral hemisphere functions |
|
1982 |
Sune K. Bergstrom |
Sweden discoveries concerning the biochemistry |
|
|
Bengt I. Samuelsson |
Sweden and physiology of |
|
|
John Robert Vane |
UK J of prostaglandins |
|
1983 |
Barbara McClintock |
US discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity |
|
1984 |
Niels K. Jerne |
Denmark theory and development |
|
|
Georges J.F. Kohler |
W.Ger. of a technique |
|
|
Cesar Milstein |
UK/ ‘ for producing |
|
|
|
Argentina monoclonal antibodies |
|
1985 |
Michael S. Brown |
US -l discovery of cell receptors relating to |
|
|
Joseph L. Goldstein |
US J cholesterol metabolism |
|
1986 |
Stanley Cohen |
US i discovery of chemical agents |
|
|
Rita Levi-Montalcini |
Italy j that help regulate the growth of cells |
|
1987 |
Susumu Tonegawa |
Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies |
|
1988 |
James Black |
UK development of new |
|
|
Gertrude Belle Elion |
US I classes of drugs for |
|
|
George H. Hitchings |
US combating disease |
|
1989 |
J. Michael Bishop |
US i study of cancer-causing |
|
|
Harold Varmus |
US J genes called oncogenes |
|
1990 |
Joseph E. Murray |
US i development of kidney and |
|
|
E. Donnall Thomas |
US j bone-marrow transplants |
|
1991 |
Erwin Neher |
Germany i discovery of how cells |
|
|
Bert Sakmann |
Germany j communicate, as related to diseases |
|
1992 |
Edmond H. Fischer |
US -l discovery of a class of enzymes |
|
|
Edwin Gerhard Krebs |
US j called protein kinases |
|
1993 |
Richard J. Roberts |
UK i discovery of “split,” or |
|
|
Phillip A. Sharp |
US j interrupted, genetic structure |
|
1994 |
Alfred G. Gilman |
US i discovery of cell signalers |
|
|
Martin Rodbell |
US j called G-proteins |
|
1995 |
Edward B. Lewis |
US identification of genes |
|
|
Christiane |
Germany that control the body’s |
|
|
Nusslein-Volhard |
‘ early structural |
|
|
Eric F. Wieschaus |
US development |
|
1996 |
Peter C. Doherty |
Australia i discovery of how the immune |
|
|
Rolf M. Zinkernagel |
Switz. j system recognizes virus-infected cells |
|
1997 |
Stanley B. Prusiner |
US discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein |
|
1998 |
Robert F. Furchgott |
US discovery that nitric oxide |
|
|
Louis J. Ignarro |
US . acts as a signaling molecule in |
|
|
Ferid Murad |
US the cardiovascular system |
|
1999 |
Gunter Blobel |
US discovery that proteins have signals |
|
|
\ |
governing cellular organization |
|
2000 |
Arvid Carlsson |
Sweden discovery of how signals |
|
\ |
Paul Greengard |
US L are transmitted between nerve |
|
|
Eric Kandel |
US cells in the brain |
|
2001 |
Leland H. Hartwell |
US discovery of key |
|
|
R. Timothy Hunt |
UK I regulators of |
|
Paul M. Nurse |
UK the cell cycle |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY ACHIEVEMENT |
|
2002 |
Sydney Brenner |
UK discoveries concerning how genes |
|
\ |
H. Robert Horvitz |
US regulate and program organ |
|
|
John E. Sulston |
UK development and cell death |
|
2003 |
Paul C. Lauterbur |
US i discoveries concerning magnetic |
|
|
Peter Mansfield |
UK j resonance imaging |
|
2004 |
Richard Axel |
US discoveries of odorant receptors and the |
|
|
Linda B. Buck |
US j organization of the olfactory system |
|
2005 |
Barry J. Marshall |
Australia 1 discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its |
|
|
J. Robin Warren |
Australia j role in peptic ulcer disease and gastritis |
|
2006 |
Andrew Z. Fire |
US discovery of RNA interference: gene silencing |
|
|
Craig C. Mello |
US j by double-stranded RNA |
|
2007 |
Mario R. Capecchi |
US i discoveries of principles for introducing |
|
\ |
Martin J. Evans |
UK ^ specific gene modifications |
|
|
Oliver Smithies |
US J using embryonic stem cells |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
FIELD |
|
1901 |
Sully Prudhomme |
France |
poetry |
|
1902 |
Theodor Mommsen |
Germany |
history |
|
1903 |
Bj0rnstjerne Martinus Bj0rnson |
Norway |
prose fiction, poetry, drama |
|
1904 |
Jose Echegarayy Eizaguirre |
Spain |
drama |
|
|
Frederic Mistral |
France |
poetry |
|
1905 |
Henryk Sienkiewicz |
Poland |
prose fiction |
|
1906 |
Giosue Carducci |
Italy |
poetry |
|
1907 |
Rudyard Kipling |
UK |
poetry, prose fiction |
|
1908 |
Rudolf Christoph Eucken |
Germany |
philosophy |
|
1909 |
Selma Lagerlof |
Sweden |
prose fiction |
|
1910 |
Paul Johann Ludwigvon Heyse |
Germany |
poetry, prose fiction, drama |
|
1911 |
Maurice Maeterlinck |
Belgium |
drama |
|
1912 |
Gerhart Hauptmann |
Germany |
drama |
|
1913 |
Rabindranath Tagore |
India |
poetry |
|
1915 |
Romain Rolland |
France |
prose fiction |
|
1916 |
Verner von Heidenstam |
Sweden |
poetry |
|
1917 |
Karl Gjellerup |
Denmark |
prose fiction |
|
Henrik Pontoppidan |
Denmark |
prose fiction |
|
|
1918 |
Erik Axel Karlfeldt (declined) |
Sweden |
poetry |
|
1919 |
Carl Spitteler |
Switz. |
poetry, prose fiction |
|
1920 |
Knut Hamsun |
Norway |
prose fiction |
|
1921 |
Anatole France |
France |
prose fiction |
|
1922 |
Jacinto Benavente y Martinez |
Spain |
drama |
|
1923 |
William Butler Yeats |
Ireland |
poetry |
|
1924 |
Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont |
Poland |
prose fiction |
|
1925 |
George Bernard Shaw |
Ireland |
drama |
|
1926 |
Grazia Deledda |
Italy |
prose fiction |
|
1927 |
Henri Bergson |
France |
philosophy |
|
1928 |
Sigrid Undset |
Norway |
prose fiction |
|
1929 |
Thomas Mann |
Germany |
prose fiction |
|
1930 |
Sinclair Lewis |
US |
prose fiction |
|
1931 |
Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumously) |
Sweden |
poetry |
|
1932 |
John Galsworthy |
UK |
prose fiction |
|
1933 |
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin |
USSR |
poetry, prose fiction |
|
1934 |
Luigi Pirandello |
Italy |
drama |
|
1936 |
Eugene O’Neill |
US |
drama |
|
1937 |
Roger Martin du Gard |
France |
prose fiction |
|
1938 |
Pearl Buck |
US |
prose fiction |
|
1939 |
Frans Eemil Sillanpaa |
Finland |
prose fiction |
|
1944 |
Johannes V. Jensen |
Denmark |
prose fiction |
|
1945 |
Gabriela Mistral |
Chile |
poetry |
|
1946 |
Hermann Hesse |
Switz. |
prose fiction |
|
1947 |
Andre Gide |
France |
prose |
|
1948 |
T.S. Eliot |
UK |
poetry, criticism |
|
1949 |
William Faulkner |
US |
prose fiction |
|
1950 |
Bertrand Russell |
UK |
philosophy |
|
1951 |
Par Lagerkvist |
Sweden |
prose fiction |
|
1952 |
Frangois Mauriac |
France |
poetry, prose fiction, drama |
|
1953 |
Winston Churchill |
UK |
history, oration |
|
1954 |
Ernest Hemingway |
US |
prose fiction |
|
1955 |
Halldor Laxness |
Iceland |
prose fiction |
|
1956 |
Juan Ramon Jimenez |
Spain |
poetry |
|
1957 |
Albert Camus |
France |
prose fiction, drama |
|
1958 |
Boris L. Pasternak (declined) |
USSR |
prose fiction, poetry |
|
1959 |
Salvatore Quasimodo |
Italy |
poetry |
|
1960 |
Saint-John Perse |
France |
poetry |
|
1961 |
Ivo Andric |
Yugoslavia |
prose fiction |
|
1962 |
John Steinbeck |
US |
prose fiction |
|
1963 |
George Seferis |
Greece |
poetry |
|
1964 |
Jean-Paul Sartre (declined) |
France |
philosophy, drama |
|
1965 |
Mikhail A. Sholokhov |
USSR |
prose fiction |
|
1966 |
S.Y. Agnon |
Israel |
prose fiction |
|
Nelly Sachs |
Sweden |
poetry |
|
|
1967 |
Miguel Angel Asturias |
Guatemala |
prose fiction |
|
1968 |
Yasunari Kawabata |
Japan |
prose fiction |
|
1969 |
Samuel Beckett |
Ireland |
prose fiction, drama |
|
1970 |
Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn |
USSR |
prose fiction |
|
1971 |
Pablo Neruda |
Chile |
poetry |
|
1972 |
Heinrich Boll |
W.Ger. |
prose fiction |
|
1973 |
Patrick White |
Australia |
prose fiction |
|
1974 |
Eyvind Johnson |
Sweden |
prose fiction |
|
Harry Martinson |
Sweden |
prose fiction, poetry |
|
|
1975 |
Eugenio Montale |
Italy |
poetry |
|
1976 |
Saul Bellow |
US |
prose fiction |
|
1977 |
Vicente Aleixandre |
Spain |
poetry |
|
1978 |
Isaac Bashevis Singer |
US |
prose fiction |
|
1979 |
Odysseus Elytis |
Greece |
poetry |
|
1980 |
Czeslaw Milosz |
US |
poetry |
|
1981 |
Elias Canetti |
Bulgaria |
prose |
|
1982 |
Gabriel Garcfa Marquez |
Colombia |
prose fiction, journalism, social criticism |
|
1983 |
William Golding |
UK |
prose fiction |
|
1984 |
Jaroslav Seifert |
Czechoslovakia |
poetry |
|
1985 |
Claude Simon |
France |
prose fiction |
|
1986 |
Wole Soyinka |
Nigeria |
drama, poetry |
|
1987 |
Joseph Brodsky |
US |
poetry, prose |
|
1988 |
Naguib Mahfouz |
Egypt |
prose fiction |
|
1989 |
Camilo Jose Cela |
Spain |
prose fiction |
|
1990 |
Octavio Paz |
Mexico |
poetry, prose |
|
1991 |
Nadine Gordimer |
South Africa |
prose fiction |
|
1992 |
Derek Walcott |
St. Lucia |
poetry |
|
1993 |
Toni Morrison |
US |
prose fiction |
|
1994 |
Kenzaburo Oe |
Japan |
prose fiction |
|
1995 |
Seamus Heaney |
Ireland |
poetry |
|
1996 |
Wislawa Szymborska |
Poland |
poetry |
|
1997 |
Dario Fo |
Italy |
drama |
|
1998 |
Jose Saramago |
Portugal |
prose fiction |
|
1999 |
Gunter Grass |
Germany |
prose fiction |
|
2000 |
Gao Xingjian |
France |
prose fiction, drama |
|
2001 |
V.S. Naipaul |
UK |
prose fiction |
|
2002 |
Imre Kertesz |
Hungary |
prose fiction |
|
2003 |
J.M. Coetzee |
South Africa |
prose fiction |
|
2004 |
Elfriede Jelinek |
Austria |
prose fiction, drama |
|
2005 |
Harold Pinter |
UK |
drama |
|
2006 |
Orhan Pamuk |
Turkey |
prose fiction |
|
2007 |
Doris Lessing |
UK |
prose fiction, social criticism |
|
|
|
|
Peace |
|
|
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
|
1901 |
Henri Dunant |
Switzerland |
1904 |
Institute of International |
(founded 1873) |
|
|
Frederic Passy |
France |
|
Law |
|
|
1902 |
Elie Ducommun |
Switzerland |
1905 |
Bertha, Freifrau von |
Austria-Hungary |
|
|
Charles-Albert Gobat |
Switzerland |
|
Suttner |
|
|
1903 |
Randal Cremer |
UK |
1906 |
Theodore Roosevelt |
US |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
|
1907 |
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta |
Italy |
1964 |
Martin Luther King, Jr. |
US |
|
|
Louis Renault |
France |
1965 |
United Nations Children’s |
(founded 1946) |
|
1908 |
Klas Pontus Arnoldson |
Sweden |
|
Fund |
|
|
|
Fredrik Bajer |
Denmark |
1968 |
Rene Cassin |
France |
|
1909 |
Auguste-Marie-Frangois |
Belgium |
1969 |
International Labour |
(founded 1919) |
|
|
Beernaert |
|
|
Organisation |
|
|
|
Paul-H.-B. d’Estournelles |
France |
1970 |
Norman Ernest Borlaug |
US |
|
|
de Constant |
|
1971 |
Willy Brandt |
West Germany |
|
1910 |
International Peace Bureau |
(founded 1891) |
1973 |
Henry Kissinger |
US |
|
1911 |
Tobias Michael Carel Asser |
Netherlands |
|
Le Duc Tho (declined) |
North Vietnam |
|
|
Alfred Hermann Fried |
Austria-Hungary |
1974 |
Sean MacBride |
Ireland |
|
1912 |
Elihu Root |
US |
|
Eisaku Sato |
Japan |
|
1913 |
Henri-Marie Lafontaine |
Belgium |
1975 |
Andrey Dmitriyevich |
USSR |
|
1917 |
International Committee of |
(founded 1863) |
|
Sakharov |
|
|
|
the Red Cross |
|
1976 |
Mairead Corrigan |
Northern |
|
1919 |
Woodrow Wilson |
US |
|
|
Ireland |
|
1920 |
Leon Bourgeois |
France |
|
Betty Williams |
Northern |
|
1921 |
Karl Hjalmar Branting |
Sweden |
|
|
Ireland |
|
Christian Lous Lange |
Norway |
1977 |
Amnesty International |
(founded 1961) |
|
|
1922 |
Fridtjof Nansen |
Norway |
1978 |
Menachem Begin |
Israel |
|
1925 |
Austen Chamberlain |
UK |
|
Anwar el-Sadat |
Egypt |
|
|
Charles G. Dawes |
US |
1979 |
Mother Teresa |
India |
|
1926 |
Aristide Briand |
France |
1980 |
Adolfo Perez Esquivel |
Argentina |
|
|
Gustav Stresemann |
Germany |
1981 |
Office of the United Nations |
(founded 1951) |
|
1927 |
Ferdinand-Edouard Buisson |
France |
|
High Commissioner for |
|
|
|
Ludwig Quidde |
Germany |
|
Refugees |
|
|
1929 |
Frank B. Kellogg |
US |
1982 |
Alfonso Garcfa Robles |
Mexico |
|
1930 |
Nathan Soderblom |
Sweden |
|
Alva Myrdal |
Sweden |
|
1931 |
Jane Addams |
US |
1983 |
Lech Walesa |
Poland |
|
|
Nicholas Murray Butler |
US |
1984 |
Desmond Tutu |
South Africa |
|
1933 |
Norman Angell |
UK |
1985 |
International Physicians for |
(founded 1980) |
|
1934 |
Arthur Henderson |
UK |
the Prevention of Nuclear |
||
|
1935 |
Carl von Ossietzky |
Germany |
War |
||
|
1936 |
Carlos Saavedra Lamas |
Argentina |
1986 |
Elie Wiesel |
US |
|
1937 |
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, |
UK |
1987 |
Oscar Arias Sanchez |
Costa Rica |
|
1st Viscount Cecil |
1988 |
United Nations Peace- |
|||
|
(of Chelwood) |
keeping Forces |
||||
|
1938 |
Nansen International Office |
(founded 1931) |
1989 |
Dalai Lama |
Tibet |
|
for Refugees |
1990 |
Mikhail Gorbachev |
USSR |
||
|
1944 |
International Committee of |
(founded 1863) |
1991 |
Aung San Suu Kyi |
Myanmar |
|
the Red Cross |
1992 |
Rigoberta Menchu |
Guatemala |
||
|
1945 |
Cordell Hull |
US |
1993 |
F.W. de Klerk |
South Africa |
|
1946 |
Emily Greene Balch |
US |
|
Nelson Mandela |
South Africa |
|
|
John R. Mott |
US |
1994 |
Yasir Arafat |
Palestinian |
|
1947 |
American Friends Service |
US |
|
Shimon Peres |
Israel |
|
Committee |
|
|
Yitzhak Rabin |
Israel |
|
|
Friends Service Council |
UK |
1995 |
Pugwash Conferences |
(founded 1957) |
|
|
1949 |
John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd- |
UK |
Joseph Rotblat |
UK |
|
|
Orr of Brechin Mearns |
|
1996 |
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo |
East Timor |
|
|
1950 |
Ralph Bunche |
US |
Jose Ramos-Horta |
East Timor |
|
|
1951 |
Leon Jouhaux |
France |
1997 |
International Campaign to |
(founded 1992) |
|
1952 |
Albert Schweitzer |
France |
Ban Landmines |
||
|
1953 |
George C. Marshall |
US |
Jody Williams |
US |
|
|
1954 |
Office of the United Nations |
(founded 1951) |
1998 |
John Hume |
Northern |
|
High Commissioner for |
|
|
Ireland |
||
|
Refugees |
|
|
David Trimble |
Northern |
|
|
1957 |
Lester B. Pearson |
Canada |
|
|
Ireland |
|
1958 |
Dominique Pire |
Belgium |
1999 |
Doctors Without Borders |
(founded 1971) |
|
1959 |
Philip John Noel-Baker, |
UK |
2000 |
Kim Dae Jung |
South Korea |
|
|
Baron Noel-Baker (of the |
|
2001 |
Kofi Annan |
Ghana |
|
|
City of Derby) |
|
|
United Nations |
(founded 1945) |
|
1960 |
Albert John Luthuli |
South Africa |
2002 |
Jimmy Carter |
US |
|
1961 |
Dag Hammarskjold |
Sweden |
2003 |
Shirin Ebadi |
Iran |
|
1962 |
Linus Pauling |
US |
2004 |
Wangari Maathai |
Kenya |
|
1963 |
International Committee of |
(founded 1863) |
2005 |
Mohamed ElBaradei |
Egypt |
|
|
the Red Cross |
|
|
International Atomic |
(founded 1957) |
|
|
League of Red Cross |
(founded 1919) |
|
Energy Agency |
|
|
|
Societies |
|
|
|
|
|
YEAR WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
YEAR WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
|
2006 Muhammad Yunus |
Bangladesh |
2007 Intergovernmental Panel |
(founded 1988) |
|
Grameen Bank |
(founded 1976) |
on Climate Change |
|
|
|
|
Albert Arnold (Al) Gore, Jr. |
US |
Economics
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
ACHIEVEMENT |
|
1969 |
Ragnar Frisch |
Norway |
work in |
|
|
Jan Tinbergen |
Neth. |
[ econometrics |
|
1970 |
Paul Samuelson |
US |
work in scientific analysis of economic theory |
|
1971 |
Simon Kuznets |
US |
extensive research on the economic growth of nations |
|
1972 |
Kenneth J. Arrow |
US |
contributions to general economic |
|
|
John R. Hicks |
UK |
[ equilibrium theory and welfare theory |
|
1973 |
Wassily Leontief |
US |
development of input-output analysis |
|
1974 |
Friedrich von Hayek |
UK |
1 pioneering analysis of the interdependence of |
|
|
Gunnar Myrdal |
Sweden |
[ economic, social, and institutional phenomena |
|
1975 |
Leonid V. Kantorovich |
USSR |
, contributions to the theory of |
|
|
Tjalling C. Koopmans |
US |
[ optimum allocation of resources |
|
1976 |
Milton Friedman |
US |
work in consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization |
|
1977 |
James Edward Meade |
UK |
contributions to the theory |
|
|
Bertil Ohlin |
Sweden |
1 of international trade |
|
1978 |
Herbert A. Simon |
US |
decision-making processes in economic organizations |
|
1979 |
Arthur Lewis |
UK |
1 analyses of economic processes |
|
|
Theodore W. Schultz |
US |
i in developing nations |
|
1980 |
Lawrence Robert Klein |
US |
development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuations |
|
1981 |
James Tobin |
US |
portfolio-selection theory of investment |
|
1982 |
George J. Stigler |
US |
studies of economic effects of governmental regulation |
|
1983 |
Gerard Debreu |
US |
mathematical proof of the supply-and-demand theory |
|
1984 |
Richard Stone |
UK |
development of national income accounting systems |
|
1985 |
Franco Modigliani |
US |
analyses of household savings and financial markets |
|
1986 |
James M. Buchanan |
US |
public-choice theory bridging economics and political science |
|
1987 |
Robert Merton Solow |
US |
contributions to the theory of economic growth |
|
1988 |
Maurice Allais |
France |
contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources |
|
1989 |
Trygve Haavelmo |
Norway |
development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting |
|
1990 |
Harry M. Markowitz |
US |
study of financial |
|
|
Merton H. Miller |
US |
markets and investment |
|
\ |
William F. Sharpe |
US |
decision making |
|
1991 |
Ronald Coase |
US |
application of economic principles to the study of law |
|
1992 |
Gary S. Becker |
US |
application of economic theory to social sciences |
|
1993 |
Robert William Fogel |
US |
I contributions to |
|
|
Douglass C. North |
US |
I economic history |
|
1994 |
John C. Harsanyi |
US |
development |
|
|
John F. Nash |
US |
L of game |
|
|
Reinhard Selten |
Germany |
theory |
|
1995 |
Robert E. Lucas, Jr. |
US |
incorporation of rational expectations in macroeco-nomic theory |
|
1996 |
James A. Mirrlees |
UK |
1 contributions to the theory of incentives under |
|
\ |
William Vickrey |
US |
1 conditions of asymmetric information |
|
1997 |
Robert C. Merton |
US |
method for determining the value of |
|
|
Myron S. Scholes |
US |
[ stock options and other derivatives |
|
1998 |
Amartya Sen |
India |
contribution to welfare economics |
|
1999 |
Robert A. Mundell |
Canada |
analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange-rate regimes |
|
2000 |
James J. Heckman |
US |
I development of methods of statistical |
|
|
Daniel L. McFadden |
US |
[ analysis of individual and household behavior |
|
2001 |
George A. Akerlof |
US |
i analyses of |
|
|
A. Michael Spence |
US |
I markets with asymmetric |
|
|
Joseph E. Stiglitz |
US |
1 information |
|
2002 |
Daniel Kahneman |
US/Israel |
integration of psychological research into economics, particularly concerning factors in decision making |
|
|
Vernon L. Smith |
US |
establishment of laboratory experiments for empirical economic analysis of alternative market mechanisms |
|
YEAR |
WINNER(S) |
COUNTRY |
ACHIEVEMENT |
|
2003 |
Robert F. Engle |
US |
methods of analysis of economic time series |
|
|
|
|
with time-varying volatility |
|
|
Clive W.J. Granger |
UK |
methods of analysis of economic time series with |
|
|
|
|
common trends |
|
2004 |
Finn E. Kydland |
Norway |
macroeconomic analysis of the time consistency of |
|
|
Edward C. Prescott |
US |
f economic policy and the driving forces behind |
|
|
|
1 |
business cycles |
|
2005 |
Robert J. Aumann |
Israel/US |
1 enhancement of the understanding of conflict and |
|
|
Thomas C. Schelling |
US |
1 cooperation through game-theory analysis |
|
2006 |
Edmund S. Phelps |
US |
analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic |
|
|
\ |
|
policy |
|
2007 |
Leonid Hurwicz |
US |
research that |
|
|
Eric S. Maskin |
US |
I laid the foundations |
|
|
Roger B. Myerson |
US |
1 of mechanism design theory |
