Famous Greek mathematician who visited Egypt
He was on the Nile in the reign of amasis (570-526 b.c.e.). Pythagoras went to Memphis, heliopolis, and then to thebes. He remained in the region for more than two decades, earning the respect of the local priests and eventually being allowed to take part in sacrifices to the gods.
Qa’a (Qa’a hedjet Bieneches) (d. 2760 b.c.e.)
Last ruler of the First Dynasty
He reigned c. 2770 b.c.e. until his death. His name meant “His Arm Is Raised,” and manetho, the Ptolemaic Period historian, listed him as Bieneches. Few details of his reign have survived, but he is recorded in the king lists of saqqara, abydos, and Turin. Stone vessels bearing his name were found in the pyramidal complex of djoser (r. 2630-2611 b.c.e.). Qa’a was possibly the son of semerkhet.
He was probably buried at abydos, where two stelae were discovered on the east side of the tomb. The Abydos gravesite was a deep pit with a burial chamber and magazine roofed with timber. some 26 graves surround his Abydos resting place. A tomb in saqqara was once assigned to Qa’a, but it now is considered to be the grave of a noble named menkhaf. Four Saqqara funerary complexes date to Qa’a's reign, and stelae of Qa’a's officials have been discovered there.
Qakare Iby (fl. c. 2100 b.c.e.)
Ruler of the brief Eighth Dynasty
All that remains from his undocumented reign is a small pyramid in southern saqqara, bearing his name, which translates as “strong is the soul of Re.” The Pyramid Texts, popular in earlier dynasties, adorn Qakare iby’s pyramid.
Qantir
A modern village adjoining Khataneh in the eastern Delta, once possibly the site of per-ramesses, the site served as the capital of the Ramessids (1307-1196, 1196-1070 b.c.e.), near bubastis (Zagazig). The site was abandoned for tanis in the Twenty-first Dynasty (1070-945 b.c.e.), and stones, monuments, and other pieces were taken to Bubastis in the Twenty-second Dynasty (945-712 b.c.e.).
Qar (fl. c. 2200 b.c.e.)
Official of the Sixth Dynasty He served as a judge and vizier. Qar’s tomb in abusir is a vast complex, containing the burials of several generations of his family. Painted reliefs depict many aspects of that historical period and false doors are part of the design. The tomb has an open court with side chambers.
Qarta (fl. 23rd century b.c.e.)
Priestly official of the Sixth Dynasty
He served pepi i (r. 2289-2255 b.c.e.) as chancellor. Qarta was a priest and a noted librarian and archivist. He was buried in the necropolis reserved for esteemed nobles in saqqara, honored by his grave near Pepi I.
Qarun, Lake A body of water in the northwestern edge of the faiyum, also called Berket el Kurun, or Qarun Pond, the present lake is only a vestigial reminder of the original body of water that was once subject to inundation by the Nile. By the New Kingdom (1550-1070 b.c.e.), the lake no longer exchanged water with the river. Now it is a marshland, growing saltier, but still supporting a variety of fish and migratory birds.
qas
This is the Egyptian word for an embalmed body that has been wrapped in linen for burial.
Qasr el-Saghah
A site in the western area of the faiyum, located at the base of a limestone cliff, Twelfth (1991-1783 b.c.e.) and Thirteenth (1783-1640 b.c.e.) Dynasty tombs were discovered there. A workman’s town was active in qasr wa’-l-saiyad, which also had a military garrison. The remains of this town include a terrace and stairway. “pan-graves” were also uncovered there.
Qasr Qarun
This is a site on the western extremity of Lake qarun, also recorded as Dionysius Qasr Qarun and serving as a staging place for caravans to baharia oasis in the LIBYAN desert. A temple to the god sobek, dated to the Ptolemaic Period (304-30 b.c.e.), dominates the region. The temple has corridors, chambers, tunnels, and spiral staircases. oracular secret niches are part of the design. There was once a roof chapel on the structure as well.
Qasr wa’-l-Saiyad It is a site on the Nile, south of abydos, where First Intermediate Period (2134-2040 b.c.e.) tombs have been found. These are rock-cut chambers for the local nomarchs of the territory. Vast and elaborately decorated with reliefs, the tombs belonged to the nomarchs Idu Seneni, Tjauti, and others.
Qatna
This was a city-state east of the Orontes River and kadesh. When the great mitanni empire fell victim to hittite expansion during the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1307 b.c.e.), Akizzi, the king of Qatna, sought an alliance with Egypt.
Qau
This was the Egyptian name for the ancient road leading to the porphyry quarries in the northeastern desert area in the sinai.
Qaw el-Kebir
A site on the Nile south of assiut, called Tjebu or Djenga by the Egyptians and Antaiopolis by the Greeks, Qaw el-Kebir is a Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1783 B.c.E.) necropolis that was refurbished by later dynasties. ptolemy IV philopator (221-205 b.c.e.) constructed a temple on the site, and ptolemy vi philometor (180164, 163-145 B.c.E.) restored the structure.
Qebehsennuf
He was a divine being, the son of horus, associated with mortuary rituals. The Four Sons of Horus served as guardians of the organs of the deceased, removed from the body during embalming processes and placed in canopic jars. Qebehsennuf guarded the intestines of the deceased. The canopic jars holding such organs were designed with hawk heads.
Qebhet
A goddess considered the personification of “cool water,” therefore a patroness and symbol of the eternal paradises awaiting the dead beyond the grave, she was a daughter of anubis, although originally a serpent deity. in some eras, Qebhet was associated with regional NILE and solar cults. Her popularity was confined to a few nomes or provinces.
Qebhui
He was an Egyptian deity, the lord of the north wind. The god was usually depicted as a four-headed ram with four wings or a man with four ram heads.
Qedeshet
A syrian goddess introduced into Egypt during the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1307 b.c.e.), Qedeshet became part of the Min-Reshef triad in upper Egypt. she was depicted as a naked woman holding snakes and flowers and standing on a lion.
Quarrel of Apophis and Sekenenre (Ta’o II)
It is a text that dates to the Ramessid Period (1307-1070 b.c.e.) and deals with the opening events of the Theban assaults on the hyksos holdings in the Delta. The document, incomplete in its surviving form, demonstrates the Egyptian bias toward the Hyksos and does not clearly explain the reasons for the war that ensued.
Sekenenre ta’oii (r. c. ?-1555 b.c.e.), the ruler of thebes and Upper Egypt, received a message from apophis (r. c. 1585-1553 b.c.e.), the Hyksos, or Asiatic, ruler at avaris in the Delta. The messenger related Apophis’s complaint that the snoring hippopotami in the sacred pool at Thebes were keeping the Hyksos ruler awake at night. considering the fact that Apophis’s royal residence was about 400 miles to the northeast, the The-bans, upon hearing the complaint, were “stupefied.” it was obvious to Ta’o II and his courtiers that Apophis was either out of his mind or acting in a belligerent fashion. The text ends abruptly, so the actual discussion and response are not provided.
Ta’o II began a campaign to oust the Hyksos, who ruled Lower Egypt as far south as cusae. He was brutally slain, however, and his son, kamose, replaced him as the ruler of Thebes. Kamose actually carried on the military confrontations against the Hyksos and was approaching Avaris when he too died. Apophis was already deceased. ‘ahmose (r. 1550-1525 b.c.e.), Kamose’s brother, would be the one to actually oust the Asiatics from Egypt and start the New Kingdom (1550-1070 b.c.e.).
quarries
They were the geological conformations of ancient Egypt, especially in its southern regions, and characterized by limestone cliffs. Limestone, favored by the Egyptians for the casings of pyramids, was abundant at various sites throughout the Nile Valley. Granite was found in Aswan in two varieties: the red, called Syenite by the Greeks (after Syene, Greek for Aswan), and the black. Basalt, calcite, diorite, obsidian, porphyry, quartzite, and serpentine were among the minerals quarried. A variety of semiprecious stones were also mined.
The quarry sites of the Nile valley included
el-Tureh (Tura), a site opposite Giza, where fine limestone was extracted
Gebel el-Ahmar, northeast of modern Cairo, which yielded quartzite
Bersha, near el-Tureh (Tura), known for limestone
Gebel el-Silsileh, north of Aswan, a source of sandstone
Hatnub, near ‘Amarna, quarried for alabaster
Ibhet, south of Aswan, contained black granite, with
red granite available from other quarries in the
territory
Gebelein, south of Luxor, offering beige limestone Qurna, a source of dolomitic limestone near Thebes Wadi Hammamat, containing graywacke, near Kop-tos
Aswan, which offered sandstone (quartzite) and granite and served as the southern boundary
Nubia, an important source of hard stones and minerals, modern sudan.
Western Desert, providing diorite gneiss and possibly carnelian, west of the Nile.
Wadi el-Hudi, yielding amethyst, south of Thebes.
Quban (Contra-Pselkis)
It was a fortress located opposite el-DAKKA and occupying a strategic position just south of the first cataract of the Nile in nubia (modern sudan). Three circular walls with rounded bastions protected the fortress at Quban. senwosret i (r. 1971-1926 b.c.e.) probably originated the first defense elements here. Quban’s fortress was refurbished by the rulers of the Ramessid Period (1307-1070 b.c.e.) when they garrisoned Egyptian holdings in northern Nubia. amen-emhet iii (r. 1844-1797 b.c.e.), tuthmosis iii (r. 1479-1425 b.c.e.), and ramesses ii (r. 1290-1224 b.c.e.) made major renovations on the site.
Qubbet el-Hawwa
A site on the bluff at aswan, overlooking the Nile, called “the Dome of the Wind,” it is a necropolis containing tombs from the old Kingdom (2575-2134 b.c.e.) and the Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 b.c.e.). Some military and trade expedition leaders were buried at Qubbet el-Hawwa, including harkhuf, pepi-NAKHT, and SARENPUT.
queens
The royal consorts of the rulers of ancient Egypt who derived their rank and powers from their husbands, these women were themselves often the daughters of rulers, but they could be aristocrats or even commoners. in some instances women of the harem, or lesser wives, attained the rank of queen by giving birth to an heir. In the cartouches of royal Egyptian women, the designations “King’s Daughter,” “King’s Wife,” or “King’s Mother” were carefully applied. Though many princesses of the royal line did not marry their brothers, or half brothers, the firstborn royal daughter often did.
As queens, royal wives administered the palace and the harems and had some say in state affairs of the nation or the capital. Queen mothers, whether royal or commoner, those who had given birth to an heir, were elevated in the reigns of their sons and given additional honors. They were distinguished by wearing the vulture crown.
In some periods the rulers married their daughters also. akhenaten, for example, married several of his daughters, and ramesses ii made his daughters consorts after their mothers died or retired. amenhotep iii was encouraged by Queen tiye (1) to marry their daughters, Princesses sitamun (2) and iset (3), probably in the hope of increasing the number of heirs to the throne.
Some queens were from foreign lands. kiya, the wife of Akhenaten, was believed to be a mitanni princess, and ma’at hornefrure, wife of Ramesses II, was probably the hittite princess mentioned in the bentresh stela. tuthmosis iii had three Syrian wives, daughters of chieftains, who were buried in separate tombs and provided with duplicate funerary regalia. Amenhotep iii married a princess from Babylon.
Egyptian princesses were not given in marriage to cement foreign alliances, no matter how persistent the requests, until the late eras of Egypt, when foreign groups held the throne. To enhance his prestige, one Asiatic ruler wrote that he would accept any Egyptian woman of high birth as his bride, knowing that he could pass her off as a princess to his own people. Those princesses who did not marry heirs to the throne wed officials or remained at court unmarried.
There were queens who usurped the throne or held political power temporarily as regents for their minor sons. Regents include merneith of the First Dynasty (2920-2770 b.c.e.), believed to have been the wife of djet and the mother of den, and ankhnesmery-re (2) of the Sixth Dynasty (2323-2150 b.c.e.), who served as coregent with her brother, the vizier djau, for pepi ii.In the New Kingdom (1550-1070 b.c.e.) two female regents assumed the throne themselves: hatshepsut of the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1307 b.c.e.) and twosret of the Nineteenth Dynasty (1307-1196 b.c.e.). A woman ruler, nitocris (1), ended the Sixth Dynasty, according to some lists, and another, sobekneferu, closed the Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1783 b.c.e.).
The queens, whether in command of Egypt or serving as a consort to the pharaohs, remain fascinating facets of Egyptian history for the modern world. some of them left an imprint on their own times, and others stand as exotic examples of feminine charms on the Nile.
In the Early Dynastic Period (2920-2575 b.c.e.), Merneith, probably only a regent, had two mortuary complexes built at abydos and saqqara, using the royal insignias. neithotep, the possible mother of aha, the first ruler of Egypt, was honored with similar mortuary monuments, one containing the seals of the fabled narmer.
In the Old Kingdom (2575-2134 b.c.e.), the two queens named hetepheres left relics of their existence: one in tomb furnishings that had to be moved because of grave robberies, the second as a witness to royal dynastic feuds. The khamerernebty queens have left their own mark. The second Queen Khamerernebty is commemorated by a beautiful statue that depicts her beside the ruler khafre in a remarkable display of equality and femininity khentakawes (1), the wife of shepseskhaf, is called the “Mother of the Fifth Dynasty.” Two sisters named Ankhnesmery-Re, given to Pepi I in marriage, bore him heirs, and one served as regent for her son, Pepi II.
In the Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 b.c.e.), a bevy of women accompanied montuhotep ii in his tomb at deir el-bahri, and on the sarcophagi of many of them the world is told that the inhabitant was “the sole Favorite of the King.” The mother of amenemhet i (Nofret), a usurper, was honored by her son when he had cemented his claims to the throne. sobekneferu, the last ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty, was a woman who maintained her reign for only four years.
As the New Kingdom (1550-1070 b.c.e.) is better documented, this period of Egyptian history provides a roster of famous women. tetisheri, the commoner wife of ta’o i of the Seventeenth Dynasty, was the grandmother of ‘ahmose, the founder of the New Kingdom, and she lived to an old age with him and Queen ah’hotep (1). ‘Ahmose was married to ‘ahmose nefertari, who gained prominence by appearing with the pharaoh at public functions and by having her name mentioned in public records. she was deified after her death with her son,amenhotep i.
Hatshepsut, the daughter of tuthmosis i, claimed the throne after serving as the regent for Tuthmosis III and ruled Egypt, building a temple at deir el-bahri and sending expeditions to punt and other sites in continued trade. tiye, the commoner wife of Amenhotep III, appeared in public records and in foreign correspondence. nefertiti, the commoner wife of Akhenaten, stands unrivaled as an example of grace and loveliness from that age. Kiya, the foreign-born second wife of Akhenaten, is depicted with her own exotic charms.
In the Ramessid Period women such as nefertari, whose loveliness graces shrines on the Nile, including the temple built in her honor at abu simbel, speak of a cultured era. Twosret, who served as a regent for a time, took the throne with her foreign vizier, bay, at her side.
Nefertiti, the queen of Akhenaten, whose name means “The Beautiful Woman Has Come.”
During the Third Intermediate Period (1070-712 b.c.e.) and the Late Period (712-332 b.c.e.), the queens of Egypt did not have the powers of their sisters in the past. Another sort of woman, serving as the god’s wife of amun at Thebes, had considerable political and religious powers instead, serving as the spokespersons for their royal families in the capital.
The arrival of the Ptolemaic Period (304-30 b.c.e.), however, brought women of vigor and intellect to the courts. They were Greeks, not Egyptians, as no native women were the mothers of the Ptolemaic rulers. Their exploits and adventures were varied, and many of these queens suffered at the hands of their relatives. cleopatra vii (r. 51-30 b.c.e.) was the last sole ruler of Egypt, and she was notorious throughout the ancient world of her time as a brilliant, enchanting, and politically astute individual who held her own in the company of the leading men of the times.
The following queens are discussed in this topic:
QUEENS OF EGYPT
| First Dynasty | |
| Neithotep | mother of aha, possibly consort of narmer |
| Berenib | consort of Aha |
| Hent | consort of Aha, mother of djer |
| Tey | consort of aha |
| Herneith | consort of Djer, mother of djet |
| Merneith | consort of Djet, mother of den |
| Herneith | consort of Den |
| Merneith | consort of Den |
| Tarset | consort of adjib, mother of semerkhet |
| Second Dynasty | |
| Nima’athap | consort of kha’sekhemwy, mother of djoser |
| Third Dynasty | |
| Heterphernebty | consort of djoser, mother of sekhemket |
| Merysankh (1) | consort of huni, mother of snefru |
| Fourth Dynasty | |
| Hetepheres | consort of Snefru, mother of khufu |
| Itet | consort of Snefru |
| Neferkau | consort of Snefru |
| Henutsen | consort of Khufu, possible mother of khafre |
| Hedjhekenu | consort of Khufu |
| Meritites | consort of Khufu, possible mother of Khufu |
| Nefertkau | consort of Khufu |
| Hetepheres (2) | consort of ra’djedef |
| Khentetka | consort of Ra’djedef |
| Persenti | consort of Khafre |
| Khamerernebty | consort of Khafre, mother of menkaure |
| Merysankh (3) | consort of Khafre |
| Nedjhekenu | consort of Menkaure |
| Khamerernebty | consort of Menkaure, mother of shepseskhaf |
| Bunefer | consort of Shepseskhaf |
| Khentakawes | consort of Shepseskhaf, possible mother of sahure and kakai |
| Fifth Dynasty | |
| Neferhetepes | possible mother of userkhaf |
| Neferhetepes | consort of Userkhaf |
| Khentakawes | possible consort of Userkhaf |
| Khentakawes | consort of Kakai, mother of neferefre and niuserre |
| Khentikus | consort of Niuserre |
| Reputneb | consort of Niuserre |
| Nub | consort of Niuserre |
| Nebet | consort of unis |
| Khenut | consort of Unis |
| Sixth Dynasty | |
| Kawit (1) | consort of teti |
| Weret-Imtes (1) | consort of Teti |
| Iput (1) | consort of Teti, mother of pepi i |
| Ankhnesmery-Re (1) | consort of Pepi I, mother of merenre |
| Neith | consort of Merenre |
| Ankhnesmery-Re (2) | mother of pepi ii |
| Weret-Imtes (2) | consort of Pepi II |
| Amtes (Yamtisy) | consort of Pepi II |
| Ujebten | consort of Pepi II |
| Iput (2) | consort of Pepi II |
| Neith | consort of Pepi II |
| Ankhnes-Pepi | consort of Pepi II, mother of neferkure |
| Neith | consort of Pepi II, mother of Merenre II |
| Wedjebten | consort of Pepi II |
| Nitocris (1) | consort of merenre ii, Queen-Pharaoh |
| Eleventh Dynasty | |
| Sit-Sheryet | consort of montuhotep i, mother of inyotef i |
| Neferkau | consort of inyotef ii |
| Neferu-Khayet (1) | consort of Inyotef ii, mother of inyotef iii |
| Aoh (Yah) | consort of Inyotef III, mother of montuhotep ii |
| Henite | consort of Inyotef III |
| Neferkau | consort of inyotef (ii) iii |
| Tem (2) | consort of Montuhotep II, mother of montuhotep iii |
| Neferu | consort of Montuhotep II |
| Amunet | consort of Montuhotep II |
| Ashait | consort of Montuhotep II |
| Henhenit | consort of Montuhotep II |
| Inhapi | consort of Montuhotep II |
| Kawit | consort of Montuhotep II |
| Khemsit | consort of Montuhotep II |
| Neferu-Khayet (2) | consort of Montuhotep II |
| Nubkhas (1) | consort of Montuhotep II |
| Sadeh | consort of Montuhotep II |
| Ime (Yem) | consort of Montuhotep III, possibly mother of montuhotep iv |
| Amunet | consort of Montuhotep III |
| Twelfth Dynasty | |
| Nfret | mother of amenemhet i |
| Nefru-totenen | consort of Amenemhet I, mother of senwosret i |
| Satkamose | consort of Amenemhet I |
| Sit-Hathor | consort of Amenemhet I |
| Dedyet | consort of Amenemhet I |
| Senebtisy | consort of Amenemhet I |
| Nefru-Sobek | consort of Amenemhet I |
| Nefrusheri | consort of Senwosret I, mother of amenemhet ii |
| Meryet | consort of Amenemhet II, mother of senwosret ii |
| Kemanweb | consort of Amenemhet II |
| Meryt-Amun | consort of Amenemhet II |
| Teo | consort of Amenemhet II |
| Neferhent (1) Hent (Khenthap) | consort of Senwosret II |
| Wereret | consort of Senwosret II, mother of senwosret iii |
| Khenemetneferhedjethedjet | consort of Senwosret II |
| Neferhent (2) | consort of Senwosret III, mother of amenemhet iii |
| Khemetnefer-Sheri | consort of Senwosret III |
| Meresger (2) | consort of Senwosret III |
| Sit-Weret | consort of Senwosret III |
| Sit-Hathor Yunet | possible consort of Senwosret III |
| Meryret | consort of Senwosret III |
| Sobek-shedty-neferu | consort of Senwosret III |
| Neferethnut | consort of Senwosret III |
| A’at | consort of Amenemhet III, mother of amenemhet iv |
| Sobekneferu | consort of Amenemhet v, Queen-Pharaoh |
| Thirteenth Dynasty | |
| Nwebhotep-Khred | consort of hor awibre |
| Ana | consort of sobekhotep i |
| Ana | consort of sobekhotep iii |
| Senebsen | consort of neferhotep i |
| Seventeenth Dynasty | |
| Nubkhas (2) | consort of sobekemsaf ii |
| Sobekemsaf | consort of inyotef vii, mother of ta’oi |
| Tetisheri | consort of Ta’o I, mother of ta’o ii |
QUEENS OF EGYPT (continued)
| Mentjuhotep | consort of Ta’o I |
| Ah’hotep (1) | consort of Ta’o II, mother of kamose and ‘ahmose |
| ‘Ahmose-In-Hapi | consort of Ta’o II |
| Henutempet | consort of Ta’o II |
| ‘Ahmose-Nefertari | possible consort of Kamose |
| Eighteenth Dynasty | |
| ‘Ahmose-Nefertari | consort of ‘ahmose, mother of amenhotep i |
| ‘Ahmose-In-Hapi | consort of ‘Ahmose |
| Thent Hep | consort of ‘Ahmose |
| Ah’hotep (2) | consort of Amenhotep I |
| ‘Ahmose-Merytamon | consort of Amenhotep I |
| satkamose | consort of Amenhotep I |
| senisonbe | mother of tuthmosis i |
| ‘Ahmose (1) | consort of Tuthmosis I, mother of hatshepsut |
| Mutnofret (1) | consort of Tuthmosis I, mother of tuthmosis ii |
| Hatshepsut | consort of Tuthmosis II |
| Iset (1) | consort of Tuthmosis II, mother of tuthmosis iii |
| Meryt-Re-Hatshepsut | consort of Tuthmosis III, mother of amenhotep ii |
| sitiah | consort of Tuthmosis III |
| Neferu-Re | possible consort of Tuthmosis III |
| Menhet | consort of Tuthmosis III |
| Meryt-Amun | consort of Tuthmosis III |
| Nebetu’u (2) | consort of Tuthmosis III |
| A’ahset | consort of Tuthmosis III |
| sitamon | consort of Amenhotep II |
| Teo | consort of Amenhotep II, mother of tuthmosis iv |
| Meryt-Amun | consort of Amenhotep II |
| Mutemwiya | consort of Tuthmosis IV, mother of amenhotep iii |
| Tiye (1) | consort of Amenhotep III, mother of akhenaten |
| Gilukipa | consort of Amenhotep III |
| Iset | consort of Amenhotep III |
| sitamun (2) | consort of Amenhotep III |
| Tadukhipa | possible consort of Amenhotep III or Akhenaten |
| Nefertiti | consort of Akhenaten |
| Kiya | consort of Akhenaten |
| Merytamun | consort of smenkhare |
| Ankhesenamon | consort of tut’ankhamun |
| Tey | consort of aya |
| Ankhesenamon | consort of Aya |
| Mutnodjmet (1) | consort of horemhab |
| Amenia | consort of Horemhab |
| Nineteenth Dynasty | |
| sitre | consort of ramesses i, mother of seti i |
| Tuya | consort of Seti I, mother of ramesses ii |
| Nefertari | consort of Ramesses II |
| Isetnofret | consort of Ramesses II, mother of merenptah |
| Bint-Anath | consort of Ramesses II |
| Henutmire | consort of Ramesses II |
| Meryt-Amun | consort of Ramesses II |
| Ma’at Hornefrure | consort of Ramesses II |
| Nebt-Tawy (1) | consort of Ramesses II |
| Mutnofret | consort of Ramesses II |
| Isetnofret | consort of Merenptah, mother of seti ii |
| Takhat | consort of Merenptah, mother of amenmesses |
| Twosret | consort of Seti II, Queen-Pharaoh |
| Tia (2) | consort of Seti II, mother of siptah |
| Takhat | consort of Seti II |
| Baketwerel | possible consort of Amenmesses |
Twentieth Dynasty |
|
| Tiye-Mereniset | consort of sethnakhte, mother of ramesses iii |
| Iset | consort of Ramesses III, mother of ramesses iv, vi, viii |
| Titi | consort of Ramesses III |
| Tiye | consort of Ramesses III |
| Isetnofret | consort of Ramesses Iv |
| Tentopet | consort of Ramesses IV, mother of ramesses v |
| Nubkheshed (1) | consort of Ramesses v |
| Nubkheshed (2) | consort of ramesses vi, mother of ramesses vii |
| Iset | consort of Ramesses VII |
| Isetnofret | consort of ramesses viii |
| Takhat | mother of ramesses ix |
| Baketwerel | consort of Ramesses IX, mother of ramesses x |
| Tiye | consort of Ramesses X, mother of ramesses xi |
| Tantamun (1) | consort of Ramesses xI |
| Twenty-first Dynasty | |
| Tantamun (2) | consort of smendes, mother of psusennes i ? |
| Henuttawy | mother of Psusennes I ? |
| Mutnodjmet (2) | consort of Psusennes I, mother of amenenope Siamun |
| Ta’apenes | consort of psusennes ii |
| Wiay | consort of Psusennes II |
| Mekhtemweskhet | mother of osochor |
| Istemkhebe | mother of Psusennes II |
| Istemkhebe | consort of Psusennes II |
| Ma’atkare | consort of Psusennes II |
| Twenty-second Dynasty | |
| Karomana (1) | consort of shoshenq i |
| Ma’atkare | consort of Shoshenq I, mother of osorkon i |
| Penreshnas | consort of shoshenq I |
| Karomana (2) | consort of osorkon I |
| Ma’atkare | consort of Osorkon I, mother of takelot i and shoshenq ii |
| Tasedkhonsu | consort of osorkon I |
| Kapes | consort of Takelot I, mother of osorkon ii |
| Nesitanebetashru (1) | consort of Shoshenq II |
| Karomana (3) | consort of shoshenq II |
| Djedmutesankh | consort of osorkon ii |
| Karomana (4) | consort of Osorkon II, mother of shoshenq iii; takelot ii |
| Karomana (5) | consort of Takelot II, mother of osorkon iii |
| Tentamopet | consort of Shoshenq III, mother of shoshenq v |
| Karomana (6) | consort of shoshenq iv, mother of osorkon iv |
| Twenty-third Dynasty | |
| Karaotjet | consort of Osorkon III, mother of takelot iii, rudamon, and peftjau’abast |
| Tentsai | consort of osorkon III |
| Irbast’udjefru | consort of Peftjau’abast |
| Twenty-fifth Dynasty | |
| Pebatma | consort of kashta, mother of piankhi |
| Abar | consort of Piankhi, mother of taharqa |
| Tabiry | consort of Piankhi, mother of Shabaka |
| Pekassater | consort of Piankhi, mother of shebitku |
| Amenirdis | consort of shebitku |
| Amun-dyek’het | consort of Taharqa |
| Twenty-sixth Dynasty | |
| Mekhtemweskhet | consort of psammetichus i, mother of necho ii |
| Mekhtemweskhet | consort of Necho, mother of psammetichus ii |
| Mekhtemweskhet | mother of Osochor, siamun and shoshenq i |
QUEENS OF EGYPT (continued)
| Takhat | consort of Psammetichus II, mother of apries |
| Takheredeneset | mother of amasis |
| Khedebneitheret | consort of Amasis |
| Ladice | consort of Amasis, mother of Psammetichus III |
| Nakhsebasteru | consort of Amasis |
| Twenty-seventh Dynasty | |
| Amytis | mother of cambyses |
| Atossa | consort of Cambyses |
| Artystone | consort of darius i |
| Amestris | consort of xerxes, mother of artaxerxes i |
| Parasites | consort of darius ii |
| Thirtieth Dynasty | |
| Ptolemais (1) | consort of nectanebo, possible mother of teos |
| Udjashu | consort of Nectanebo |
| Ptolemaic Dynasty | |
| Arsinoe | mother of ptolemy i |
| Berenice | consort of Ptolemy I, mother of ptolemy ii |
| Eurydice | consort of Ptolemy II |
| Arsinoe | consort of Ptolemy II, mother of ptolemy iii |
| Arsinoe | consort of Ptolemy III |
| Berenice | mother of ptolemy iv |
| Arsinoe | consort of Ptolemy IV, mother of ptolemy v |
| Cleopatra | consort of Ptolemy V, mother of ptolemy vi andviii |
| Cleopatra | consort of Ptolemy VI, mother of ptolemy vii |
| Cleopatra | consort of Ptolemy VII |
| Cleopatra | consort of Ptolemy VIII, mother of ptolemy ix, x |
| Cleopatra | consort of Ptolemy Ix |
| Cleopatra Selene | consort of Ptolemy Ix |
| Cleopatra | consort of Ptolemy Ix |
| Berenice | consort of Ptolemy x |
| Cleopatra Berenice | consort of ptolemy xi |
| Cleopatra Tryphaina | consort of Ptolemy XI, mother of ptolemy xiii, xiv, Cleopatra VII |
| Cleopatra VII | consort of Ptolemy XIII, XIV, mother of ptolemy xv Caesarion |
