Royal woman of the Seventeenth Dynasty
‘Ahmose-Hetempet was a daughter of Sekenenre ta’oii (c. 1560 b.c.e.) and Queen ah’hotep (1). Her mummified remains were discovered in deir el-bahri in 1881. ‘Ahmose-Hetempet had dark hair and was discovered in a sycamore coffin. Her original tomb has not been located.
‘Ahmose-Hettinehu (fl. 16th century b.c.e.)
Royal woman of the Seventeenth Dynasty
She was a daughter of Sekenenre ta’oii (c. 1560 b.c.e.) and Queen ‘ahmose-in-hapi. Her remains were found at deir el-bahri, damaged and refurbished. ‘Ahmose-Het-tinehu’s coffin was made of acacia and saved from her original vandalized tomb.
‘Ahmose-In-Hapi (fl. 16th century b.c.e.)
Royal woman of the Seventeenth Dynasty
She was a secondary consort of Sekenenre ta’oii (c. 1560 b.c.e.) and the mother of Princess ‘ahmose-hettinehu. ‘Ahmose-In-Hapi’s remains are those of a strong woman, and her dark hair was in plaits. She was a daughter of Senakhtenre ta’oi.
‘Ahmose-Merytamon (fl. 16th century b.c.e.)
Royal woman of the Eighteenth Dynasty
She was a lesser-ranked consort of amenhotep i (1525-1504 b.c.e.) and the daughter of ‘ahmose and the half sister of Amenhotep I. Little is known of her life, but her remains provide extensive evidence of arthritis and scoliosis, diseases prominent in her royal line. Her mummy was discovered in a cache of royal remains at deir el-bahri, moved from her original tomb on the west bank of the Nile at Thebes. The mummy of an infant prince, amunemhet (1), her nephew, was found beside her remains. ‘Ahmose-Merytamon’s body was badly damaged, and her arms were broken off her body
‘Ahmose-Nefertari (fl. 16th century b.c.e.)
Royal woman of the Eighteenth Dynasty
She was the daughter of Sekenenre ta’oii and Queen ah’hotep (1) and the wife of ‘ahmose (r. 1550-1525 b.c.e.). ‘Ahmose-Nefertari probably married her brother, kamose, the last ruler of the Seventeenth Dynasty, who died in 1550 b.c.e. while engaged in a war with the hyksos, or Asiatics, in the northeastern delta. When ‘Ahmose came to the throne at a young age, she became his Great Wife, or ranking queen. She was ‘Ahmose’s sister.
‘Ahmose-Nefertari played a unique role in founding the Eighteenth Dynasty and the New Kingdom historical period with her husband. She was visible to Egyptian society in all phases of rebuilding the nation after the expulsion of the Hyksos by ‘Ahmose and his forces. Inscriptions in the sinai Peninsula and on sal island at the third cataract of the Nile, in modern Sudan, include her name and rank. The “building inscription” erected in abydos relates how ‘Ahmose and ‘Ahmose-Nefertari sat together to plan the great mortuary complexes for their mother, Ah’hotep (1), and their grandmother, Queen tetisheri. Their recorded conversation is tenderly described, concerned with fulfilling obligations to these deceased women who had guided Egypt during the Hyksos crisis.
‘Ahmose-Nefertari bore the heir, amenhotep i; Prince ‘ahmose-sipair (one of the original heirs); Prince Ramose; Princess ah’hotep (2); and other daughters. She survived ‘Ahmose and counseled Amenhotep I (r. 1525-1504 b.c.e.) during the early years of his reign, having the title “Female Chieftain of Upper and Lower Egypt.” Many honors were bestowed upon ‘Ahmose-Nefertari by the court because of her prior role as queen regent. When she died at the age of 70, she was given a portion of Amen-hotep’s mortuary temple on the western shore of the Nile at thebes. Her mortuary cult—the daily offerings and ceremonies made at her tomb—remained popular for almost a century
‘Ahmose-Nefertari was the first Egyptian royal woman to be designated the “god’s wife of amun.” This title, associated with the deity amun, assumed powerful attributes in later eras, providing dynasties with unique political powers. Some lists indicate that she was alive when tuthmosis i came to the throne as Amenhotep I’s heir. At the death of Amenhotep I in 1504 b.c.e., he and ‘Ahmose-Nefertari were deified as the patrons of Thebes. ‘Ahmose-Nefertari also founded an order of upper-class women, called the “Divine Votaresses of Karnak.” The unusual depictions of ‘Ahmose-Nefertari in blue-black tones of deification reflect her status and cult, which remained popular for centuries. The mummified remains of ‘Ahmose-Nefertari were discovered in deir el-bahri in damaged condition. She was almost bald and had on a human-hair wig. Her front teeth were prominent, a physical trait inherited from her line, and her right hand had been removed.
‘Ahmose-Pen Nekhebet (fl. 16th century b.c.e.)
Courtier and military officer of the Eighteenth Dynasty He served in the reign of ‘ahmose (r. 1550-1525 b.c.e.), and, like ‘ahmose, son of ebana, another military chronicler of the era, ‘Ahmose-Pen Nekhebet was a noble from Nekheb (modern elkab). The military campaigns that led to the expulsion of the hyksos, or Asiatics, from Egypt by ‘Ahmose are clearly recorded in ‘Ahmose-Pen Nekhebet’s tomb. On the walls of the tomb in Elkab, he chronicles
‘Ahmose’s campaigns, including the battle with a’ata and the Nubian forces south of Aswan in modern Sudan.
He lived to take part in at least one campaign conducted by amenhotep i (r. 1525-1504 b.c.e.). ‘Ahmose-Pen Nekhebet received many honors during his lifetime, and his tomb chronicles have served succeeding generations by providing a precise and clear firsthand account of his tumultuous era. Some records indicate that he lived until the reign of hatshepsut (r. 1473-1458 b.c.e.)
‘Ahmose-Sipair (fl. 16th century b.c.e.)
Prince and possible coruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty
He was the son of ‘ahmose (r. 1550-1525 b.c.e.) and Queen ‘ahmose-nefertari, and possibly served as coruler with his father. His tomb, which was erected on the western shore of thebes, displays insignias reserved for kings. ‘Ahmose-Sipair died before he could inherit the throne, and amenhotep i, his brother, became the second ruler of the New Kingdom Period. Another brother, Prince ‘ahmose-ankh, had been the original heir but had died young. The mummified remains of Prince ‘Ahmose-Sipair were found in deir el-bahri, tied to a stick and in a sycamore coffin, having been recovered from his vandalized tomb.
‘Ahmose Sitayet (fl. 16th century b.c.e.)
Vizier of the Eighteenth Dynasty
‘Ahmose Sitayet was appointed by ‘ahmose (r. 1550-1525 b.c.e.) as the viceroy of Kush, or nubia, the territory south of aswan (in modern Sudan). He accompanied ‘Ahmose in the military campaigns against a’ata and the Nubian rebellion, and after the Egyptian victory he was appointed vizier, or governor, of the region, a post that carried the title “King’s Son of Kush.” In this capacity ‘Ahmose Sitayet lived at Aswan on the elephantine Island. There he administered the mines and quarries of the region and supervised the extensive trade campaigns conducted by the Egyptians from forts extending southward on the Nile, outposts dating to the Middle Kingdom era (2040-1640 b.c.e.). His son, Tjuroy, succeeded him in the post.
‘Ahmose, son of Ebana (fl. 16th century b.c.e.)
Military and court official of the Eighteenth Dynasty ‘Ahmose, son of Ebana, served the dynastic founder, ‘ahmose (r. 1550-1525 b.c.e.), and then amenhotep i (r. 1525-1504 b.c.e.) and later rulers. A noble of Nekheb (modern elkab), he was involved in military campaigns of Egypt which he described on the walls of his tomb (as did ‘ahmose-pen nekhebet). Personalized and dramatic, these accounts provide a rare insight into the military procedures of the era and the religious and social processes.
He was in the campaign against a’ata, in the Nubian area (modern Sudan), receiving slaves and lands as his share in the victory of the Egyptians under ‘Ahmose. ‘Ahmose, son of Ebana, was the grandfather of paheri.
‘Ahmose Tumerisy (fl. 16th century b.c.e.)
Royal woman ofthe Eighteenth Dynasty
She was the daughter of amenhotep i (r. 1525-1504 b.c.e.) and Queen ah’hotep (2). During the reign of tuthmosis i (1504-1492 b.c.e.), ‘Ahmose Tumerisy lived in the royal residence of thebes, serving perhaps as an “auntie” to the royal children or being married to an official. A favorite of the court, she was honored by the pharaoh and his family. ‘Ahmose Tumerisy was buried in a platform at deir el-bahri, on the Theban shore of the Nile, in the complex erected by montuhotep ii (r. 2061-2010 b.c.e.). Some records indicate that she was originally buried in dra-abu el-naga.
Aigyptos
The Greek word that gave rise to the modern name Egypt, it was derived from the term Hiku-Ptah, which denoted the city of Memphis as “the Mansion of the Soul of ptah.”
Aion
A deity of the Greco-Roman Period in Egypt from 332 b.c.e. to 395 c.e., he was believed to be a personification of Time. A solar deity, associated with serapis and the Roman deity Mithras, the god was depicted in a relief found in oxyrrhynchus (1) (modern el-Bahnasa). The panel shows a winged creature with the head of a lion, the torso of a human, and the legs of a goat. An aura or nimbus surrounds the god’s head. He holds keys, a torch, and a bolt of lightning. His cult was popular only in local areas.
Aker An ancient deity of Egypt in the form of a lion, usually depicted in pairs, back to back, and called Akeru in the plural, Aker was originally an earth god but became involved in the cult of re, which was solar in origin. He represented the eastern and western horizons of the Underworld, or tuat, and faced both the sunrise and the sunset. The Akeru guarded the solar bark of Re on his daily sojourns across the sky. A lion cult in Aker’s honor was started at To Remu or leontopolis (the modern Tel Migdam). Akeru were depicted in the tomb of Queen nefertari, the Great Wife, or first consort, of ramesses ii (r. 1290-1224 b.c.e.).
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV, Neferkheperure’ Wa’en’re) (d. 1335 b.c.e.) Ninth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty, called the “heretic pharaoh”
He reigned from 1353 b.c.e. until his death. Akhenaten has been called the first monotheist or the “heretic pharaoh” in some lists, because of his denial of the divine pantheons of Egypt. His throne name was Neferkhepe-rure (translated as “Re’s transformations are perfect”), to which he added Wa’en’re (“the unique one of Re”).
Akhenaten served as coregent with his father, amenhotep iii (r. 1391-1353 b.c.e.), maintaining the usual cultic rituals until he married nefertiti, perhaps a cousin, and possibly a daughter of aya (2) and Tiye, commoners. Alternatively, Nefertiti might have been a commoner granddaughter of yuya and Tuya, the parents of Queen tiye (1). The marriage was politically advantageous because Nefertiti’s family came from akhmin,a stronghold of aristocratic power needed by the pharaohs.
In the second year of his reign, Akhenaten began his worship of the solar god aten, a deity that had been evident in the royal structures of tuthmosis iv (r. 1401-1391 b.c.e.), his grandfather, and amenhotep iii. Aten was a solar disk that shone on the Nile River, believed by some scholars to be a form of Re’-Harakhte. The young pharaoh renounced the name Amenhotep and called himself Akhenaten, the “Horizon of the Sun Disk” or “He Who is of the Service to Aten.” Nefertiti became Nefer-Nefru-Aten, meaning “Beautiful is the Beauty of Aten.”
In the fourth year of his reign, Akhenaten and Nefertiti visited a site on the Nile south of modern mallawi. There a new capital was constructed, called Akhetaten, “the Horizon of the Sun Disk.” This site is now known as el-’amarna, in honor of a tribe of Bedouins who settled there in the 1700′s c.e. Vast and marked by 14 perimeter stelae, the new capital was six miles long, centering on the royal residence and the temple of Aten. There were well-planned urban districts, pools, gardens, and a royal avenue that ran parallel to the Nile. An innovative brick bridge, designed to connect two separate buildings and containing an opening called the window of appearance, where the ruler and his consort addressed guests and bestowed honors upon courtiers who had served with distinction, graced the royal avenue. The beautiful and unique “Amarna style” was used in decorating the capital, demonstrating a natural and free unison of the arts. Akhetaten was completed in the fifth or sixth year of Akhenaten’s reign.
Religious services in the capital were reserved for Akhenaten alone, although he appointed a high priest in the later years. Few others had access to the sacred precincts; even Nefertiti was relegated to minor roles in the daily rituals. Many ceremonies were held in the open sunlight, a custom that brought about complaints from foreign dignitaries. These ambassadors and legates from other lands attended the ceremonies in honor of Aten and suffered heatstrokes as a result.
Outside of the capital, however, the old gods of Egypt held sway. Akhenaten closed down some temples, confiscating the vast plantations of the priests. He also viewed himself as the lone mediator with Aten, thus injuring the great bureaucratic machinery that maintained Egypt’s vast government agencies. His destruction of temple plantations, sources of valuable food products, led Egypt toward economic ruin. Abuses by lesser officials and the weakening of established distribution processes started early in his reign.
In his eighth year, Akhenaten welcomed his mother, Queen Tiye, and his sister, baketamun, to the capital. They accepted a villa there and remained at Akhenaten’s side. He was still militarily active at the time, not having established his reclusive ways or his abandonment of Egypt as a nation. During this period he conducted a campaign south of aswan (in modern Sudan) and sent troops to Egyptian vassal states in the Mediterranean region. Mercenary troops maintained garrisons in vassal cities. The collection of correspondence from this era is called the ‘amarna letters. They demonstrate his military activities.
His family life was deteriorating, however. A second wife, kiya, possibly a mitanni princess originally named tadukhipa, bore him two sons and a daughter but then fell out of favor. A daughter by Nefertiti, meket-aten,is reported to have died bearing Akhenaten’s child, and by the 12th year of his reign, Nefertiti was no longer at his side. She was replaced by another one of her daughters, meryt-amun (1). Nefertiti remained in the capital but resided in a separate villa, removed from religious and social affairs. Her demise is not documented. Some historical accounts state that she lived to counsel tut’ankhamun when he took the throne in 1333 b.c.e.
After Nefertiti’s exit from the palace, Akhenaten became even more involved in the service of Aten. He spoke of the god as a celestial pharaoh, using the sun disks and its illuminating rays as symbols of creation. Akhenaten’s hymn to Aten, discovered in the tomb of Aya in ‘Amarna, provides the universal theme of worship that he tried to promote throughout the land. His agents, however, began a program of destruction that violated the other temples and shrines of Egypt, dismaying the common populace and making Aten unpopular.
smenkhare, a relative of Akhenaten, and the husband of Meryt-Amun, is believed by some scholars to have been Nefertiti in assumed guise, serving for a time as coregent. He succeeded Akhenaten in 1335 b.c.e. but ruled only two years, dying at the age of 20. Akhenaten died in his 18th year of reign, 1335 b.c.e., and was buried in ‘Amarna. His remains were moved by priests when Tut’ankhamun was entombed and placed somewhere in thebes. His capital was abandoned, and later rulers, such as horemhab (1319-1307 b.c.e.), removed stones called talatats for other projects. Some 12,000 blocks from Akhenaten’s capital at ‘Amarna have been gathered from a pylon built by Horemhab at karnak.
Akhenaten’s portraits intrigue modern scholars, depicting a grotesque figure with a sagging torso and elongated features. Some of these images indicate a disease, such as Frohlich’s Syndrome. It is possible, however, that these statues were Osirian in style, portraying the god of death in the stages of decomposition, a popular artistic device in certain eras. The statues correlate to other innovations of the ‘Amarna style of art, a won-drously free and gifted method of expressing Egyptian metaphysical ideals. Egyptian literature of this time demonstrates the same creativity and limitless exploration of ideas. During Akhenaten’s reign the spoken language of Egypt was used in written texts, replacing the formal, classical language of former periods. ‘Amarna is also famous for its potent beer, which has survived to this day. Using the recipe discovered in the ruins of the capital, breweries in Scotland and elsewhere are marketing that era’s refreshment.
Akhenaten has been called the world’s first monothe-ist, but he allowed other solar deities to be displayed in his capital at ‘Amarna. He also declared himself a god, the son of Aten, and had a high priest dedicated to his cult, sharing his jubilee ceremonies with Aten. Akhenaten has been recorded as being a pacifist, oblivious to the needs of the empire. However, wall scenes at ‘Amarna depict him and Nefertiti smiting Egypt’s enemies, and he did maintain garrisons in his territories.
The fact that Egypt entered a period of turmoil during his reign can be attributed to his attempt at religious reformation, a concept quite beyond the comprehension of the average Egyptian at the time. His choice of lesser ranked individuals, newcomers to power in his court, led to a dismal inability to grasp foreign affairs in their full context and to maintain the vast bureaucratic machinery that guided Egypt over the centuries, leading to chaotic abuses and confusion. Akhenaten was a recluse in ‘Amarna for too long a period and was unable to communicate his own religious vision to the Egyptian people as a whole.
akhet (1)
The season of inundation in the ancient Egyptian calendar, the rising of Sirius, the dogstar, called sopdu by the Egyptians and Sothis by the Greeks, signaled the beginning of the annual flooding of the Nile. When this sign appeared in the heavens the river was set to spread over the fields and orchards along the banks, revitalizing the land with silt and effluvium from Africa’s core. Akhet was the first season of the year, starting as it did with the rising of the Nile, a factor that all Egyptians understood as basic to the nation’s vitality. Akhet was one of the three major seasons of the Egyptian calendar year, with a duration of four 30-day months. Akhet was followed on the calendar by the seasons PROYET and SHOMU. See also calendar; seasons.
Akhethotep (fl. 24th century b.c.e.)
Official of the Fifth Dynasty and the son of the vizier Ptah-hotep Akhethotep served niuserre (r. 2416-2392 b.c.e.) as vizier, a position also held by his father before him. He also served as a judge and as an overseer of priests involved in the mortuary rituals conducted at the pyramids of deceased pharaohs. His grandson, ptah-hotep (2), the great sage famous for his Maxims, was buried in an alcove of Akhethotep’s tomb. Elaborate paintings testify to the wealth and prestige of this distinguished family. Akhethotep’s tomb was discovered in saqqara, near modern Cairo.
Akhlane (Akhlamu)
An ancient Semitic nomadic group in northern Syria, called “the enemies of the Assyrians.” In the reign of akhenaten (Amenhotep IV, r. 1353-1335 b.c.e.), the Akhlane appear in the Egyptian correspondence known today as the ‘amarna letters. They are described as a vigorous clan on the Euphrates River and in the area of the Persian Gulf. The Assyrians, who found them a formidable foe, called them the “Akhlamu-Aramaeans.” The Akhlane disappeared soon after Akhenaten’s reign, possibly absorbed into other cultures or renamed in later historical periods.
Akhmin (Khent Menu, Apu, Panopolis, Khemmis)
A site almost 300 miles south of modern Cairo, called Khent Menu, or Apu by the Egyptians and Panopolis by the Greeks. Another name, Khemmis, was derived from the Greeks. Akhmin served as the capital of the ninth nome and the cultic center for the worship of the god min (1). The goddess tait was also honored in the city. A necropolis dating to the sixth Dynasty (2323-2150 b.c.e.) is on the site. Recent construction uncovered a statue of ramesses ii (r. 1290-1224 b.c.e.) in Akhmin. A second statue depicted Ramesses Il’s daughter, Queen meryamun. A temple dating to Egypt’s Eighteenth Dynasty was also uncovered there. Egypt’s linen industry was fostered in Akhmin in late eras. The Greek scholar strabo visited Akhmin in the Ptolemaic Period (304-30 b.c.e.).
Akkadians
The dynasty founded by Sargon in northern Mesopotamia c. 2371 b.c.e. also used to designate groups in the area who shared the Semitic languages, the Akkadians adopted the Sumerian cuneiform writing system and were represented culturally in Assyria and Babylon. The Akkadian language became the lingua franca of
Egypt’s vast empire in the New Kingdom Period (1550-1070 b.c.e.). The ‘amarna letters were written in Babylonian, a late form of the Akkadian language.
Alara (fl. c. 780 b.c.e.)
Powerful ruler of Napata, in Nubia The kingdom of napata, located in nubia, modern Sudan, maintained Egyptian traditions in religious, social, and governmental affairs. Alara was the brother of kashta, who founded the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling from 770 to 750 b.c.e. Kashta and his successor, piankhi (1), ruled only a part of Egypt in their lifetimes. The Nap-atans would later claim all of Egypt when shabaka marched northward in 712 b.c.e. and conquered the entire Nile Valley. Alara’s daughter, tabiry, the mother of Shabaka, married Piankhi. Alara’s wife was a noblewoman named Kassaga.
alchemy
A term derived from the ancient Egyptian skill in the working of precious metals, alchemy has a modern occult influence. The word is derived from the Arabic al-kimia, the art of Khemet, Khem, or Kamt, which means the Black Land—Egypt. Alchemy is thus the “Art of Egypt.”
‘Ahmose-Hetempet (fl. 16th century b.c.e.) To Alexander [III] the Great (d. c. 323 b.c.e.)
Conqueror of Egypt in 332 b.c.e. and the ruler of the known world in his era
He was the third king named Alexander in Macedonia, the son of Philip of Macedonia and Queen olympias of Epirus. Born in Philip’s capital, Pellas, in 356 b.c.e., Alexander was tutored for three years, from the age of 13 to 16, by Aristotle. The great philosopher was at Alexander’s side when the young prince assumed the Macedonian throne in 336 b.c.e. Alexander had also been trained in military arts, in keeping with the Macedonian tradition.
Two years later, Alexander started a campaign against the Persian Empire and in November 333 b.c.e., the Macedonian king and his superbly trained army defeated the Persians under King darius iii Codoman at granicus and issus. The Persians should have won the battle of Issus, but Macedonian resolve and Alexander’s military acumen insured the victory for the Greeks. Darius III tried to make peace, but Alexander refused and went to Phoenicia, where he conquered the city of Tyre in 332. His capture of this key site ended persia’s power on the Mediterranean coast. Alexander then conquered Palestine and entered the Nile Valley. In the fall of 332 b.c.e., Alexander entered Egypt, claiming the territory as a rich and valuable prize. The Persian satrap on the Nile resisted for a time but then surrendered Egypt to the young conqueror. Aware of the fact that the Egyptians looked upon him as just another foreign tyrant, Alexander courted them by using their own religious mechanisms. He went to the famed Oasis of siwa in the Libyan desert, where he visited the oracle of amun. This was a shrine dedicated to the god Amun, who spoke to worshipers and gave responses to questions about religious and state affairs. Alexander was declared the true ruler of Egypt at Siwa Oasis, and word of Amun’s recognition spread quickly throughout the land.
He cemented this acclamation by going to Memphis, the ancient capital, to be crowned in the traditional manner, including the seal of approval of the souls of pe and the souls of nekhen. Throughout Egypt rumors spread that Alexander was the son of nectanebo ii, the ruler of Egypt from 360 to 343 b.c.e. Queen Olympias was depicted as having had an affair with Nectanebo II, with Alexander resulting from their love. Alexander’s Egyptian throne name was Mery-amun-Setepenre’, translated as “Beloved of Amun, Chosen by Re.”
Alexander also founded a new capital for the Land of the Two Kingdoms at the site of a small village called Rakhotis, on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. This city, Alexandria, would become one of the major cultural centers of the world during the ptolemaic and Roman Periods. Alexandria was located in the western Nile Delta and was provided with an offshore causeway, connected to a small island to provide safe harbor for trading ships.
In the spring of 331 b.c.e., Alexander marched out of Egypt, leaving two Greek governors in command, Ptolemy and Cleomenes. cleomenes of naukratis, a Greek resident of Egypt, soon took charge of affairs, completing Alexandria. Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, bided his time but had his own ambitions for Egypt, becoming ptolemy I soter. As they consolidated Macedonian control over Egypt, Alexander met Darius III at gaugamela and defeated him once again. Darius fled but was assassinated by a former ally. Alexander conquered Babylon, Ecbatana, Persepolis, and Susa, the great Persian cities, and then marched on Medea. He took the title of Basileus, the Great King, and entered India in 326 b.c.e.
His death in Babylon in June 323 b.c.e. began a titanic struggle for control of his vast empire. Ptolemy I claimed Egypt for himself. In a bold strike, he and a picked cohort of veterans rode hard to the north to intercept the massive funeral procession of Alexander’s remains. He had been embalmed in honey and placed in a large mausoleum on wheels so that his body could be seen and publicly venerated by the people of his conquered domain as he progressed toward the royal burial ground in Macedonia. Ptolemy I and his men captured the body and set off for Alexandria, where the conqueror was put into a crystal coffin. Alexander the Great was then reportedly buried under the junction of the canopic Way and the Street of the Soma in Alexandria.
