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minimal begin and a maximal end date. These two elements allow the calculation
of probabilities, for instance according to methods described by Green ( 2011 ).
The second analysis part examined three variants of the temporal ordinal refer-
ence system structure. The NBN EN ISO 19108:2005 (NBN 2005 ) version and the
variant of Cox and Richard ( 2005 ) are not sufficient to be applied to the archaeo-
logical time scale. Both models require precisely known dates for the beginning
and end of a certain period. Michalak ( 2005 ) overcame this problem by centering
the model topologically. However, the geometric representation remains possible.
Therefore, the suggestion is made to use the last variant to describe an archaeo-
logical time scale as a temporal ordinal reference system.
In conclusion, we can conceive the NBN EN ISO 19108:2005 (NBN 2005 )
as applicable for archaeological purposes. However, some adaptations should be
made, e.g. to the temporal ordinal reference system and to the way of incorpo-
rating imperfections. Furthermore, it must be kept in mind that this conclusion is
only based on the assessment of this standard. As a consequence, analyses of other
temporal standards or data models could shed another light on the analysis results
presented here. Other temporal standards may exist which are more suitable to
archaeological data. Future research is, therefore, needed to review and analyze
currently available (spatio-)temporal data models from an archaeological data per-
spective. In the broader context of this project, similar analyses are required con-
cerning other key aspects of archaeological data in the process of developing a 4D
conceptual archaeological data model.
Acknowledgments Financial support from the Special Research Fund (BOF) from Ghent
University is gratefully acknowledged.
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