Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Keywords
CityGML • CityGML indoor ADE • 3D data model • Indoor spatial
information
1 Introduction
In recent years research interests in 3D geospatial information have been increased
to provide location based services and to develop various 3D urban models used in
many fields such as urban planning, and disaster management. Especially, due to
increasing the scale and complexity of buildings, many researchers have studied
to provide the services such as indoor navigation for disaster. In order to manage
complicated indoor spatial information efficiently, it is necessary to develop the
indoor spatial data model by extending the developed 3D spatial models which
have been developed for outdoor space.
The internal structure of buildings has become more complicated than before
as seen in Fig.
1
. One important consideration of these multi-level structures is
that they involve compartmentalized zones or areas connected by complex trans-
port routes such as corridors. In addition, different levels of these structures are
connected by a limited number of vertical conduits such as elevators and stair-
ways. Because of the issues of indoor data models and the technical requirements
of indoor positioning methods, the challenges of providing indoor location-based
services have become much more critical (Lee
2004
).
3D geo-information has always been challenged due to a variety of data models,
resolution and details, and ways of geometric and topological representations. Since
9/11 there has been special interest in 3D models to represent internal structures of
micro-scale environments (built-in urban areas). Such models are mostly available
from the design phase (as CAD models). Although design CAD models are, in most
cases, too detailed for computing evacuation routes, for effective disaster manage-
ment several different models have to be used.
Many researches on indoor spatial data model to provide indoor awareness
services have been undertaken by the prominent authors. In the past years, Kolbe
proposed a unified model for representing spatial objects in 3D city and regional
models by urban features with geometric, topological, and thematic properties
(Kolbe
2003
). The model has been a basic schema for application specific 3D
models. Kolbe et al. (
2005
) introduced the overview of CityGML and different
modeling aspects of semantics, geometry, topology, and appearance. CityGML is
an open data model based on XML format as an international standard adopted by
OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium). Lee proposed 3D Navigable Data Model to
facilitate effective emergency response for 3D visualization and navigation (Lee
2007
) and developed real time emergency response system for indoor environment
(Lee and Zlatanova
2008
; Lee
2013
). The model represents the pedestrian access
within buildings or urban built-environments. Li and Lee presented research initia-
tive of the indoor spatial awareness, and worked on the standardization of indoor
spatial data to provide the interoperability between different systems and
