Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
a geometry of 3D lots is viewed simultaneously, unnecessary when the geometry
of the lots is fully visible. Moving the position of the geometry of a group of lots
(by floor for example) also seems promising and adding elements appears to be
required. Furthermore, an explicit comparison is proposed between our results and
three main references about graphic semiology (Bertin, Carpendale and Ware).
This comparison enables us to verify our results and to assess whether the fitness
of visual variables is specific to notarial tasks and 3D visualisation (compared to
2D plans). Although this interview-based approach is subjective and empirical, it
helps us better consider the end-user's interests and take into consideration their
professional opinion and requirements. At the same time, this study was an excel-
lent and unique promotional platform concerning 3D cadastral modeling. As well,
the 30 visual solutions produced during these first experiments constitute a useful
foundation for further analysis.
Keywords
3D symbolization and cartography • Semiology • Visual variables •
User's requirements • 3D cadastre • Notarial tasks
1 Introduction
Visualizing 3D models on a computer display screen is now part of the regular
tasks done by a number of users (Bleisch
2012
; Häberling et al.
2008
; Wood et al.
2005
). 3D visualization software usually provides tools to change the graphical
appearance of 3D models (e.g. changing the color of the faces, the size of the bor-
derline, etc.). Viewing tools are often generic from the perspective of cartographic
design aspects while users are free to change the visual aspects of the 3D model.
This customizing approach for viewing needs presents some advantages such as
enabling the creation and the combination of custom symbols for a specific pur-
pose, but may also limit the opportunity of having consistent and standardized
3D visual solutions to support decision making (MacEachren and Kraak
2001
;
Rogowitz et al.
1996
). This situation is likely more crucial when the application
of 3D models is rather novel such as in a cadastral domain where the user such as
notaries are not experts in 3D viewing or designing software and not aware of the
risk of producing a 3D visual solution that is inadequate or even incorrect.
Consequently, supporting the end-users with respect to graphic semiology prin-
ciples when viewing 3D model appears to be a necessity. Many works exist on
2D mapping design (Bertin
1967
; Brewer et al.
1997
; Garlandini and Fabrikant
2009
) and some appear in 3D modelling (Fosse et al.
2005
; Häberling et al.
2008
;
Pegg
2009
; Trapp et al.
2011
). How the semiology of graphics influences deci-
sion making is a primary concern in these references. Information visualisation
appears in many branches of research such as interface design, visual languages,
GIS systems, human perception and cognition; a full review of all relevant litera-
ture would take a long time. From a cartographic user point of view and regarding
