Geoscience Reference
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(a)
momentum
ux
wind speed
0
U
a
direct solar
radiation
re
ected solar
radiation
absorbed
solar
radiation
soil heat
ux
heat transfer
(b)
precipitation
evaporation
interception
canopy water
transpiration
throughfall
stem
ow
sublimation
evaporation
surface run
o
in
ltration
melt
snow
soil water
redistribution
drainage
Figure 12.1 Schematic representations of (a) energy, moisture,
and momentum transfers between the atmosphere and land
surface and (b) the exchange of water between the atmosphere
and the land surface. With permission from Gordon Bonan.
low-level wind and specific humidity. More complex glacier models take low
into account in addition to thermodynamics in calculating a glacier's mass bal-
ance. Dynamic glacier models must be integrated at much higher resolutions—
a few tens of meters is typical.
There is intense interest in sea ice models because of the significant role of
ice in determining climate and also because of the importance of predicting
