Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
deep-sea
sediment
cores
solar
system
mapping
land and ice
continents and topography
insolation (Milankovitch)
climate
change
atmospheric physics/dynamics
dynamics
cloudiness
radiation
physical
climate
system
impacts
tropospheric
forcing
+
stress',
heat
�
ux'
albedo'T
+
extent'
leads'
SST
+
wind stress
+
,
heat
�
ux
+
,
net fresh water
+
precip', T air',
insolation, n(CO
2
)
evaporation',
heat
�
ux',
albedo, dust'
T air',
precip'
albedo'T
n(O
3
)
energy
holding
capacity,
slopes
snow
terrestial surface moisture/energy balance
sea ice
mixed layer
plant transpiration/photosynthesis
open ocean marginal seas
ocean dynamics
groundwater
river runoŠ
soil
development
transports
+
cloudiness
+
SST
+
, mixed layer depth
+
,
upwelling
+
, circulation
+
excess
water
+
temperature extremes
+
,
soil moisture
+
, GPP
+
vegetation amount
+
,
type
+
, stress
+
n(CO
2
)
n(greenhouse gases)
volcanism
Φ(H
2
0)+
Φ(S,N ...)+
nutrient
stock
maximum
sustainable
yield
production
vegetation
impacts
human
activities
decomposition/storage
decomposers
nutrient
recycling
plant/stand
dynamics
UV
+
,
particles
+
solar/space
plasmas
particle
�
ux
energy
land
use
Φ(CO
2
)
Φ(CFMs)
open ocean marginal seas
soluble
marine biogeochemistry
terrestial ecosystems
Φ(CFMs)
Φ(N
2
O)
Φ(CH
4
)
UV
+
,
Φ(O
3
),
NO
X
)
+
biogeochemical
cycles
n(CO
2
)
Φ(CO
2
),
Φ(S, NH
4
)
n(CO
2
), pH(precip)
Φ(CO
2
,
N
2
O, CH
4
, NH
4
)
Φ(CO
2
)
Φ(CFMs)
human
activities
troposheric chemistry
cloud processes
Φ(SO
X
, NO
X
)
+
Φ(N
2
O, OO)
+
troposphere
urban boundary layer
foraminifera (temperature)
n(CO
2
)
pollen (vegetation)
deep-sea
sediment
cores
ice
cores
bog/lake
cores
Figure 1.2 The Bretherton diagram, illustrating the components of the climate system and the
interactions among them. ( on timescale of hours to days; * on timescale of months to seasons;
f flux; n concentration; SST is sea surface temperature)
climate and climate change, and a launchpad for reading the scientific litera-
ture and, it is hoped, contributing to the profound challenge before humanity
of managing climate change. With this fundamental understanding, science can
address the questions, needs, and constraints of society in a reasonable and
useful way, and offer informed answers to guide society's behavior.
REFERENCE AND ADDITIONAL READING
IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Report of the Inter-
governmental Panel on Climate Change. Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs,
M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C. A. Johnson (eds.).
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
