Vertical Profiles Over Flat Terrain - Wind Energy Meteorology: Atmospheric Physics for Wind Power Generation - page 69

turbulence intensity). Looking at thermal features they are very different as forests
exhibit no features that are comparable to the urban heat island.
The vertical profiles for urban areas shown in Sect. 3.7.1 are relevant for large
wind turbines with hub heights of 100 m and higher. The features discussed in Sect.
3.7.2 are relevant for smaller turbines erected in the urban canopy layer. The
numerical modelling of urban boundary layer wind fields needs approaches which
go beyond just increasing the surface roughness. Rather, the effects of tall buildings
and modified heat and moisture fluxes have to be included as well. An overview of
the different approaches using single-layer and multi-layer urban canopy models
available today is given in Miao et al. ( 2009 ). Only multi-layer models are able to
consider the direct influences of taller buildings.

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