Vertical Profiles Over Flat Terrain - Wind Energy Meteorology: Atmospheric Physics for Wind Power Generation - page 24

Fig. 3.1 Vertical layering in the atmospheric boundary layer over flat homogeneous terrain

Fig. 3.2 Diurnal variation of the vertical structure of the ABL over flat terrain from noon to noon

3.1 Surface Layer (Prandtl Layer)

Smaller and older onshore wind turbines with tip heights below about 100 m are
usually fully immersed in the Prandtl layer. The siting of these turbines requires
knowledge mainly from the quite simple and well-known relations given below in
this Sect. 3.1 . The siting of larger turbines with tip heights above about 100 m
requires information on the wind laws in the Ekman layer as well. These features
are presented in the subsequent Sect. 3.2 .