Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
the end of this chapter. Chapter 4 highlights the peculiarities of flow over complex
terrain, especially of orography. Basic features such as speed-up over hills are
derived using a simple analytical model. A separate description of flow over this
surface type is relevant, because the near-coastal flat areas are often sufficiently used
today and sites more inland have to be analysed for future wind energy production.
The deployment of turbines far away from the coasts closer to urban and industrial
areas also helps to reduce the erection of massive power lines connecting generation
and consumption areas. The last of these three chapters on vertical profiles, Chap. 5
deals with a surface type which presently is becoming more and more important: the
marine boundary layer over the sea surface. The planning of huge offshore wind
parks require that considerable space is devoted to this surface type. Chapter 6 looks
into the features and problems which come with large wind parks over any of the
aforementioned surface types. This is no longer a pure meteorological topic, because
the properties of the wind turbines and their spatial arrangement in the park become
important as well. This chapter will present another simple analytical model which
can be used to make first estimates on the influence of surface roughness and thermal
stability of the atmosphere as well as the influence of the turbines' thrust coefficient
and the mean distance of the turbines within the wind park on the overall efficiency of
the wind park.
Chapters 3 - 6 all end with a short summary on the main aspects which should be
taken into account from a meteorological point of view when planning and running
wind turbines. Chapter 7 gives an outlook on possible future developments and
certain limitations to large-scale wind energy conversion. Appendix A summarizes
the different parameters which are frequently used to describe the properties of the
wind. Here, the distinction between mean winds and turbulent motion is intro-
duced and basic statistical concepts are described. Appendix B introduces into
techniques to determine the mixed layer height—an input parameter in the
description of wind profiles extending above the surface layer—from surface-
based remote sensing. Surface-based remote sensing has today become a major
tool to probe the conditions of the atmospheric boundary layer.
References
Ackermann, T., L. Söder: Wind energyWind energy technology and current status: a review.
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 4, 315-374 (2000)
Betz, A.: Wind-Energie und ihre Ausnutzung durch Windmühlen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
Göttingen. 64 S. (1926)
Brockhaus, F.A. Brockhaus Enzyklopädie. Vol. 24. Gütersloh (2001)
Burton, T., N. Jenkins, D. Sharpe, E. Bossanyi: Wind Energy Handbook. Second edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 742 pp. (2011)
Castro, de C., M. Mediavilla, L.J. Miguel, F. Frechoso: Global Wind Power Potential: Physical
and Technological Limits. Energy Policy 39, 6677-6682 (2011)
CCSP: US Climate Change Science Program. Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.1a, July 2007
(2007). http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-1/finalreport/sap2-1a-final-all.pdf
(read Dec 17, 2011)
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