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Figure 13.11 Rainfall variations (per-
centage of standard departures) between
1901 and 1998 for the Sahelo-Sahara,
Sahel and Soudan zones of West Africa.
The average positions of the monsoon
trough (MT) in northern Nigeria during
1952 to 1958 and in 1972 (El Niño year)
are shown.
Source : From Nicholson (1980) and
Nicholson et al . (2000), p. 2630, fig. 3).
Courtesy of the American Meteorological
Society.
MT
1952-8
20˚N
A
MT 1972
15˚N
10˚N
5˚N
SAHELO-SAHARA
0
-2
SAHEL
0
-2
SOUDAN
0
- 1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Winter
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
Summer
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Figure 13.12 Time series of winter and summer precipitation (mm) for England and Wales, 1767 to 1995. The smooth line is a filter
that suppresses variations of
10-yr length.
Source : From Jones et al . (1997, p. 204, fig. 10.5). Copyright © Routledge, London.
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