Geoscience Reference
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Table 12.2 Energy budget figures (W m -2 ) for the Cincinnati region during the summer of 1968.
Area
Central business district
Surrounding country
Time
0800
1300
2000
0800
1300
2000
Short-wave, incoming ( Q + q )
288 *
763
-
306
813
-
Short-wave, reflected [( Q + q )a]
42†
120†
-
80
159
-
Net long-wave radiation ( L n )
-61
-100
-98
-61
-67
-67
Net radiation ( R n )
184
543
-98
165
587
-67
Heat produced by human activity
36
29
26‡
0
0
0
Notes: * Pollution peak.
†An urban surface reflects less than agricultural land, and a rough skyscraper complex can absorb up to six times more incoming
radiation.
‡Replaces more than 25 per cent of the long-wave radiation loss in the evening.
Source : From Bach and Patterson (1966).
10 6
Cooling tower
10 5
Nuclear power
plant (1500 MW)
10 4
Refinery (6m t/yr)
Cumulus cell
Thunderstorm
10 3
Steel mill
Extra-
terrestrial
solar radiation
Net radiation
at earth's
surface
Manhattan
Moscow
Depression
Montreal
10 2
Budapest
Tokyo
Washington
Chicago
Los Angeles
Vancouver
Munich Hamburg Ruhr
Sheffield
10
Boston-Washington
Available
potential
energy
Donetz Basin
Benelux
W. Germany
1
U.K.
E. Germany
C. & W. Europe
Japan
France
U.S.A.
Photosynthesis
Geothermal
heat
N. America
Earlier 1970s
Later 1970s
10 -1
U.S.S.R.
Continents
World
10 -2
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
10 6
10 7
10 8
1
10
Area (km 2 )
Figure 12.26 A comparison of natural and artificial heat sources in the global climate system on small, meso- and synoptic scales.
Generalized regressions are given for artificial heat releases in the 1970s (early 1970s circles, late 1970s dots), together with predictions
for 2050.
Sources : Modified after Pankrath (1980) and Bach (1979).
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