Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12.2
Energy budget figures (W m
-2
) for the Cincinnati region during the summer of 1968.
Area
Central business district
Surrounding country
Time
0800
1300
2000
0800
1300
2000
Short-wave, incoming (
Q
+
q
)
288
*
763
-
306
813
-
Short-wave, reflected [(
Q
+
q
)a]
42†
120†
-
80
159
-
Net long-wave radiation (
L
n
)
-61
-100
-98
-61
-67
-67
Net radiation (
R
n
)
184
543
-98
165
587
-67
Heat produced by human activity
36
29
26‡
0
0
0
Notes:
*
Pollution peak.
†An urban surface reflects less than agricultural land, and a rough skyscraper complex can absorb up to six times more incoming
radiation.
‡Replaces more than 25 per cent of the long-wave radiation loss in the evening.
Source
: From Bach and Patterson (1966).
10
6
Cooling tower
10
5
Nuclear power
plant (1500 MW)
10
4
Refinery (6m t/yr)
Cumulus cell
Thunderstorm
10
3
Steel mill
Extra-
terrestrial
solar radiation
Net radiation
at earth's
surface
Manhattan
Moscow
Depression
Montreal
10
2
Budapest
Tokyo
Washington
Chicago
Los Angeles
Vancouver
Munich
Hamburg
Ruhr
Sheffield
10
Boston-Washington
Available
potential
energy
Donetz Basin
Benelux
W. Germany
1
U.K.
E. Germany
C. & W. Europe
Japan
France
U.S.A.
Photosynthesis
Geothermal
heat
N. America
Earlier 1970s
Later 1970s
10
-1
U.S.S.R.
Continents
World
10
-2
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
1
10
Area (km
2
)
Figure 12.26
A comparison of natural and artificial heat sources in the global climate system on small, meso- and synoptic scales.
Generalized regressions are given for artificial heat releases in the 1970s (early 1970s circles, late 1970s dots), together with predictions
for 2050.
Sources
: Modified after Pankrath (1980) and Bach (1979).