Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
•
Explain the respective roles of the earth's orbit around the sun and the tilt of the axis of rotation
for global climate.
•
Explain the differences between the transmission of solar and terrestrial radiation by the
atmosphere.
•
What is the relative importance of incoming solar radiation, turbulent energy exchanges and
other factors in determining local daytime temperatures?
•
Consider the role of clouds in global climate from a radiative perspective.
•
What effects do ocean currents have on regional climates? Consider the mechanisms involved
for both warm and cold currents.
•
Explain the concept of 'continentality'. What climatic processes are involved and how do they
operate?
REFERENCES AND FURTHER
READING
Hewson,E. W. and Longley, R. W. (1944) Meteo-
rology: Theoretical and Applied, Wiley, New
York, 468pp.
Miller, D. H. (1981) Energy at the Surface of the Earth.
Academic Press, New York, 516pp. [Compre-
hensive treatment of radiation and energy
fluxes in ecosystems and fluxes of carbon; many
original illustrations, tables and references]
NASA (n.d.) From Pattern to Process: The Strategy
of the Earth Observing System (Vol. III), EOS
Science Steering Committee Report, NASA,
Houston, TX.
Sellers, W. D. (1965) Physical Climatology,
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 272pp.
[Classic treatment of the physical mechanisms
of radiation, the budgets of energy, momentum
and moisture, turbulent transfer and diffusion]
Simpkin, T. and Fiske, R. S. (1983) Krakatau 1883,
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC,
464pp.
Strahler, A. N. (1965) Introduction to Physical
Geography, Wiley, New York, 455pp.
Sverdrup, H.V. (1945) Oceanography for Meteo-
rologists, Allen & Unwin, London, 235pp.
Books
Barry, R. G. (2008) Mountain Weather and Climate,
3rd edn, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 506pp. [comprehensive survey]
Budyko, M. I. (1974) Climate and Life, Academic
Press, New York, 508pp. [Provides ready access
to the work of a pre-eminent Russian climatolo-
gist]
Campbell, I. M. (1986) Energy and the Atmosphere:
A Physical-Chemical Approach(2nd edn), John
Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 337 pp.
Davis, W. M. (1894) Elementary Meteorology, Ginn
& Co., Boston, MA.
Essenwanger, O. M. (1985) General Climatology,
Vol. 1A: Heat Balance Climatology. World
Survey of Climatology. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
224pp. [Comprehensive overview of net radia-
tion, latent, sensible and ground heat fluxes;
units are calories]
Fröhlich, C. and London, J. (1985) Radiation
Manual, World Meteorological Organization,
Geneva. [standard handbook]
Geiger, R, (1965) The Climate Near the Ground,
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 611pp.
Herman, J. R. and Goldberg, R. A. (1985) Sun,
Weather and Climate, Dover, New York, 360pp.
[Useful survey of solar variability (sunspots,
electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation,
cosmic rays and geomagetic sector structure),
long- and short-term relations with weather and
climate, and design of experiments]
Journal articles
Ahmad, S. A. and Lockwood, J. G. (1979) Albedo.
Prog. Phys. Geog.3, 520-43.
Ardanuy, P. E., Kyle, H. L. and Hoyt, D. (1992) Global
relationships among the earth's radiation
budget, cloudiness, volcanic aerosols and
surface temperature. J. Climate5(10), 1120-39.
Barry, R. G. (1985) The cryosphere and climatic
change, in MacCracken, M. C. and Luther, F. M.
