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A
B
Figure 10.9
(A) The flow of rubbing between a group of four cats studied by Macdonald et al.
(1987) was much less than that of grooming, and the two differed in that rubbing relationships
tended to be highly asymmetric whereas grooming ones were symmetric. Furthermore, whereas the
flow of grooming tended to mirror indices of association, those of rubbing and aggression did not, but
the latter two were correlated with each other but not with grooming. (B) Superimposed on these pat-
terns, relationships were modified by kinship and age; for example, female 68 (in Kerby and Mac-
donald's [1988] large colony) interacted more with her sisters than her adult daughters, and more
with these 5 close kin than with the 12 other females available to her.
