Vulnerability and Resilience of Estuaries to Contamination by Antibiotics and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: a Challenge for the Next Decade - Vulnerability of Coastal Ecosystems and Adaptation - page 73

12,800
1,100
100
/

/
600
250
/

/
310
50
/

/
3,000
50
40

[LIN 04]
[BRO 06]
[WAT 09]
[TAM 08]

- Sulfathiazole nd 300 600 40 [WAT 09]

- Sulfapyridine / / 34 / [MIA 04]

- Sulfonamides

/
/
/

210
/
/

nd
nd
363

/
nd
/

[KAR 06]
[HIR 99]
[MIA 04]

- Sulfamethazin

- Sulfisoxazole / / 34 / [MIA 04]

- Sulfasalazine nd 100 150 30 [WAT 09]

- Sulfadiazine / / 19 / [MIA 04]

- Sulfacetamide / / 151 / [MIA 04]

- Nitroimidazole

- Metronidazole 90 200 / / / [LIN 04]

- Ornidazole / / / 60 [TAM 08]

- Lincosamide

2,000
6

/
20

/
3

/
1

[BRO 06]
[WAT 09]

- Lincomycin

- Clindamycin 4 20 5 1 [WAT 09]

- Others

/
/
7,600
3,900
300
/
/

330
/
/
1,000
430
/
/

330
660
/
1,800
10
/
/

/
200
/
/
3
20
/

[KAR 06]
[HIR 99]
[LIN 04]
[BRO 06]
[WAT 09]
[TAM 08]

- Trimethoprim

Table 2.1. Process of degradation and duration of the half-life (T1/2) of molecules
of antibiotics in aquatic environments

The concentrations of antibiotics observed in the Seine Estuary put
in evidence this quantitative and qualitative decrease from the sources
to the receiving water (Table 2.2(a)). Thus, the treated effluent from the
WTTP, and the tributary impacted by effluents from a hospital (Robec),
are the two principal sources of intra-estuary contamination by
antibiotic molecules, with nearly 20 different antibiotic molecules, and
maximal concentrations of 482 ng.L -1 observed for clarithromycin
(from the macrolide family) (Table 2.2(b)). The contamination from
antibiotics from WWTP emissions is rapidly diluted in the waters of the