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in place and which perpetuates the reasons that brought criticism to
their outdated practices.
5.4.4.3. A toolbox for the protection of seas and coasts
Behind the broad criticisms highlighted above, an arsenal of
various measures taking into account the heritage value of places and
ecosystems can help in constantly monitoring the changes (or even the
“development”) to define thresholds beyond which a given space,
environment or a species is threatened. These measures are derived
not only from political decisions at various scales, from the local to
the global, for instance, with the creation of local urban planning
(LUP), but also depend on territorial coherence in France (SCoT) with
a vast area such as the Mediterranean that addressed by the Blue Plan,
which was itself derived from the Barcelona Convention in 1975, all
under the care (although that is not always the case) of the United
Nations Environment Program (UNEP). These measures help not only
States, but also increasingly NGOs dedicated to the protection of the
environment, in their protective measures as States often nourish
preoccupations that are more turned toward development and that
have to be adapted to the aggressive attitude of NGOs as best as
possible. Everything cannot be described, knowing that everything is
subject to protection, from shorelines to coral reefs, from mangroves
to maritime marshes: some “tools” can, however, illustrate the action,
such as in France.
5.4.4.3.1. The laws for the management of coastlines, a French model
of management
Law Nb 86-2 “relates to the planning, protection and enhancement
of the shorelines”. It was ratified on January 3 and sealed a series of
texts regarding the regulation of the uses on the seaside. It was very
controversial in that it constitutes, first and foremost, a compromise
between those who wanted to “plan” the coastline better and those
who, on the contrary, wanted to “protect” it better. The law was
reinforcing a very “regulatory” vision of the shoreline following the
line of the Order of the Navy in 1981 which stated that the coast was
an integrant part of the king's territory and therefore, at the time, of
the State as well. This is not a law aimed at the particular concerns we
have been discussing of rising awareness around the growing pressure
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