The Shoreline between Nature and Society, a Changing Heritage - Vulnerability of Coastal Ecosystems and Adaptation - page 207

policies should be used to avoid accelerated deforestation, what
principles should be accepted to avoid carbon emissions in the
atmosphere, and how to face sea level rise?
This is a real revolution at the planetary scale with the breaking
down of Agenda 21 into a series of local agendas aiming to set the
local conditions for sustainable development. Each regional unit is
required to address these (Europe is not exempt from them) as well as
each State. The French “ Grenelles ” echo, albeit from afar, chapter-by-
chapter, each topic addressed. Chapter 17 in Agenda 21 is dedicated to
the oceans [CIC 98, MIO 12].
5.4.4.2. Integrated coastal zone management
Integrated coastal zone management is an emerging concept that
tends to consider that the coastline can only be managed if it is not
seen as a system in which all the elements are inter-related. The idea
originates in the Anglo-Saxon culture and is inspired, in the long run,
by the principles set in 1972 with the enactment of the Coastal Zone
Management Act. This idea also punctuates the next two decades and
ends up, during the 1992 World Summit in Rio de Janeiro, with the
insertion of the integrated coastal zone management in Chapter 17 of
Agenda 21. The emergence of an integrated management approach is
closely related to the growing awareness of environmental problems.
Indeed, it is with the vision of managing all the marine and coastal
resources responsibly, and with the vision of sustainable development,
that the interest of the collective was seen as more important than
individual interests. This logic follows the principle that exchanges
and dialogues between stakeholders in the coastal game were keys to
good governance.
Integrated management of coastal zones relies on a vision of
governance that aims to draw on bottom-up initiatives, while leaving
the motivational role to the top, especially in terms of financial
incentives. The concept of integrated coastal zone management was
designed first at an international scale under the auspices of
organizations depending on the United Nations, then taken over on the
ground, especially in the South, by NGOs. It is subject to experimental
programs at the European scale and at the scale of most of the member