Microbiological Coastal Risks and Monitoring Systems - Vulnerability of Coastal Ecosystems and Adaptation - page 107

variable salinity. The phytoplankton and zooplankton explain the
dynamic of the vibrios.

Climatic anomalies, in particular the increase in the sea surface
temperature (SST), a consequence of climate change, have been linked
to the increase in the presence of V. parahaemolyticus and
V. vulnificus and the risks of infection associated with these bacteria
[VEZ 13]. Thus, cases of gastroenteritis from V. parahaemolyticus ,
following the consumption of oysters in Washington State and Alaska
in the United States, were triggered by an increase in SST along the
Pacific Coast in 2004 [MAR 10]. This has also been shown to be the
case with the epidemics of V. parahaemolyticus in Peru in 1991 linked
to El Nino. In 1999, in Galicia (Spain), an epidemic of
V. parahaemolyticus , following consumption of oysters, was reported
along with an abnormal increase in SST along the coasts of Galicia
[BAK 10]. Baker et al . [BAK 10] conclude their analysis of epidemics
in the world and in Europe by drawing particular attention to an
increase of cases in Europe over the coming years due to the warming
of marine waters caused by climate change.

3.3. Monitoring of key environmental parameters

Specialists make a significant distinction between “continental
waters”, “littoral waters”, “sea” and “ocean”, those responsible for the
environment need specific indicators on these different zones to
respond to the need for public policy. But with a single change
found in one of these zones impacting on the others, from now on, it is
necessary to be in a position to anticipate the monitoring of these
zones in a more systematic manner. This is why those responsible for
the environment, considering these zones to be part of a continuum,
need coherent information from a local to a regional or indeed
national level, to monitor and administer this “integrated global
system”.

In the case of waterborne infectious diseases, certain
environmental and climatic parameters can be associated with the