Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 8.2.
Decentralization of Interpersonal Redistribution in Advanced
Democracies, 1980-2000
Inequality Interacted with
Inequality Interacted
Heterogeneity in the Structure
with Representation
of Political Competition
PCSE
PCSE
(ar1)
TSIV
FEVD
(ar1)
TSIV
FEVD
Geography of
13.6***
6.35**
1.74***
.772
2.32
−
3.14***
Inequality
(2.06)
(3.0)
(.6)
(.87)
(1.95)
(.66)
(predicted)
Representation
23.66*** 13.6**
3.06***
(4.29)
(5.6)
(.73)
Heterogeneity
−
9.41***
−
6.38***
−
10.9***
(3.14)
(2.38)
(1.5)
Geography of
−
21.01***
−
11.6**
−
2.6***
Inequality*
(3.59)
(4.5)
(.65)
Representation
Inequality*
7.52***
5.11***
8.9***
Heterogeneity
(2.55)
(1.90)
(1.23)
Country size
.8***
.684*
.69***
.564***
.38
.75***
(log)
(.23)
(.36)
(.003)
(.15)
(.32)
(.05)
Ethnic
9.46*** 12.07*** 11.8***
13.9***
11.56*** 12.11***
Fractionalization
(1.04)
(2.8)
(.035)
(.81)
(2.38)
(.39)
Total Taxation
.19***
.065
.066***
.126***
.040
.042***
(.05)
(.048)
(.015)
(.04)
(.048)
(.013)
Income Growth
.09
.076
.075***
.04
.013
.040
(.106)
(.078)
(.014)
(.05)
(.085)
(.042)
Intercept
−
34.6***
−
20.3***
−
14.68***
−
14.35***
−
10.12**
−
8.63
(4.56)
(6.32)
(.041)
(3.9)
(4.5)
(1.21)
R-squared
.81
.78
.98
.78
.72
.98
N
69
69
69
69
69
69
Key: * p
<
.10,**p
<
.05, *** p
<
.01
A word on measurement of the key variables of interest is in order. I measure
the decentralization of interpersonal redistribution (
IPR
D
) as follows:
IPR
D
=
(
100
- Percentage of direct transfers to households
by consolidated central government
)
∗
(
Proportion of total regional revenues collected
by second - tier regions themselves
)
The first term of the indicator measures the amount of total direct transfers
to households performed by governments other than the central one. It is well
known, though, that the fact that a particular level of government makes a
