Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Appendix - loading
24.1 Characteristic values of bulk solids
•
The physical properties of bulk solids are often required in design calculations.
Table 24.1
Characteristic values of bulk solids (AS 3774 - 1996).
Type of bulk solid
Unit weight (kN/m
3
)
Effective angle of internal friction (
◦
)
Alumina
10.0-12.0
25-40
Barley
7.0-8.5
26-33
Cement
13.0-16.0
40-50
Coal (Black)
8.5-11.0
40-60
Coal (Brown)
7.0-9.0
45-65
Flour (Wheat)
6.5-7.5
23-30
Fly ash
8.0-11.5
30-35
Iron ore, pellets
19.0-22.0
35-45
Hydrated lime
6.0-8.0
35-45
Limestone powder
11.0-13.0
40-60
Maize
7.0-8.5
28-33
Soya beans
7.0-8.0
25-32
Sugar
8.0-10.0
33-38
Wheat
7.5-9.0
26-32
24.2 Surcharge pressures
•
Uniform surcharge loads are applied in foundation and slope stability analysis.
Table 24.2
Surcharge loads (AS 4678, 2002).
Loading source
Equivalent uniformly distributed pressure
Railways
20 kPa
Major roads and highways
20 kPa (Permanent)
10 kPa (Temporary)
Minor roads and ramps
10 kPa
Footpaths
5 kPa
Buildings
10 kPa per storey
Search WWH ::
Custom Search