Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12.12
Rolling resistance of wheeled plant (Horner, 1988).
Haul road conditions
Rolling resistance Factor
Surface
Condition
Kg/t
An equivalent
gradient
Hard, smooth
Stabilized surface roadway, no penetration
20
2%
under load, well maintained
Firm, smooth
Rolling roadway with dirt or light surfacing, some
32.5
3%
flexing under load, periodically maintained
With snow
Packed
25
2.5%
Loose
45
4.5%
Dirt roadway
Rutted, flexing under load, little maintenance,
50
5
25-50 mm tyre penetration
Rutted dirt roadway
Rutted, soft under travel, no maintenance,
75
7.5%
100-150 mm tyre penetration
Sand/gravel surface
Loose
100
10%
Clay surface
Soft muddy rutted, no maintenance
100-200
10-20%
12.13 Compaction requirements for various applications
•
The compaction levels should be based on the type of application.
•
Compaction assumes a suitable material, as well as adequate support from the
underlying material.
•
A very high compaction on a highly expansive clay can have an adverse effect in
increasing swelling potential.
•
The subgrade thickness is typically considered to be 1.0m, but this varies
depending on the application. Refer Section 13.1.
Table 12.13
Compaction levels for different applications.
Class
Application
Compaction level
1
Pavements
Extremely high
•
•
Upper 0.5 m of subgrade under buildings
2
Upper 1.5 m of subgrade under airport pavements
Very high
•
Upper 1.0 m of subgrade under rail tracks
•
•
Upper 0.75 m of subgrade under pavements
Upper 3 m of fills supporting 1 or 2 story buildings
•
3
Deeper parts to 3 m of fills under pavements
High
•
•
Deeper arts of ills under buildings
Lining for canal or small reservoir
•
Earth dams
•
Lining for landfills
•
4
All other fills requiring some degree of
Normal
•
strength or incompressibility
•
Backfill in pipe or utility trenches
Drainage blanket or filter (Gravels only)
•
5
Landscaping material
Nominal
•
•
Capping layers (not part of pavements)
Immediately behind retaining walls (self compacting
material “Drainage Gravel'' typical)
•
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