Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12.9
(
Continued
)
Rock Class
I
II
III
IV
V
Rating
30
25
20
10
5
Joint continuity
Non-
Slightly continuous
Continuous - Continuous -
Continuous -
continuous
no gouge
some gouge
with gouge
Rating
5
5
3
0
0
Joint gouge
No separation Slight separation
Separation
Gouge
5 mm Gouge
5mm
<
>
<
1mm
Rating
5
5
4
3
1
*Strike and dip
Very
Unfavourable
Slightly
Favourable
Very favourable
orientation
unfavourable
unfavourable
Rating
15
13
10
5
3
Total rating
100-90
90-70
+
70-50
50-25
<
25
Rippability
Blasting
Extremely hard
Very hard
Hard ripping
Easy ripping
assessment
ripping and blasting ripping
Tractor selection -
DD9G/D9G
D9/D8
D8/D7
D7
Horsepower
-
770/385
385/270
270/180
180
Kilowatts
-
575/290
290/200
200/135
135
•
Original strike and dip orientation now revised for rippability assessment.
•
+
Ratings in excess of 75 should be regarded as unrippable without pre-blasting.
12.10 Bulking factors
•
The bulking factor for excavation to transporting to placement and compaction:
Table 12.10
Bulking factors for excavation to transporting.
Material
Bulk density (in -situ t/m
3
)
Bulk up on excavation (%)
Granular soils
•
Uniform sand
•
1.6-2.1
Well graded sand
1.7-2.2
10-15
•
•
•
Gravels
•
1.7-2.3
Cohesive
•
Clays
1.6-2.1
•
•
Gravelly clays
•
1.7-2.2
20-40
Organic clays
1.4-1.7
•
•
Peat/topsoil
1.1-1.4
25-45
•
Rocks
•
Igneous
2.3-2.8
50-80
•
•
Metamorphic
2.2-2.7
30-60
•
•
•
•
Sedimentary
•
2.1-2.6
•
40-70
Soft rocks
1.9-2.4
30-40
•
•
•
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