Geoscience Reference
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which statistics are employed to find the ''most likely'' estimate based on a numer-
ical forecast and observational data. The statistics needed are the spatial and
multivariate covariances of forecast errors. These covariances are estimated from
an ensemble of forecasts, each of which is based on similar, but slightly different
initial conditions or model physics. The reader is referred to papers listed in the
reference list for more details on 3VAR, 4DVAR, and the EnKF techniques.
GENERAL MONOGRAPHS AND TOPICS
The reader is referred to p. 24 for a list of relevant general monographs and
topics.
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Armijo, L. (1969) A theory for the determination of wind and precipitation velocities with
Doppler radars. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 570-573.
Davies-Jones, R. P. (1979) Dual-Doppler radar coverage area as a function of measurement
accuracy and spatial resolution. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1229-1233.
Doviak, R. J., P. S. Ray, R. G. Strauch, and L. J. Miller (1976) Error estimation in wind fields
derived from dual-Doppler radar measurement. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 868-878.
Dowell, D. C., F. Zhang, L. J. Wicker, C. Snyder, and N. A. Crook (2004) Wind and
temperature retrievals in the 17 May 1981 Arcadia, Oklahoma, supercell: Ensemble
Kalman filter experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1982-2005.
Gal-Chen, T. (1982) Errors in fixed and moving frame of references: Applications for con-
ventional and Dopper radar analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2279-2300.
Gao, J., M. Xue, A. Shapiro, and K. K. Droegemeier (1999) A variational method for the
analysis of three-dimensional wind fields from two Doppler radars. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127,
2128-2142.
Hildebrand, P. H., W.-C. Lee, C. A. Walther, C. Frush, M. Randall, E. Loew, R. Neitzel, R.
Parsons, J. Testud, F. Baudin, and A. LeCornec (1996) The ELDORA/ASTRAIA air-
borne Doppler weather radar: High-resolution observations from TOGA COARE. Bull.
Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 213-232.
Houtekamer, P. L. and H. L. Mitchell (1998) Data assimilation using an ensemble Kalman
filter technique. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 796-811.
Majcen, M., P. Markowski, Y. Richardson, D. Dowell, and J. Wurman (2008) Multipass
objective analyses of Doppler radar data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 25, 1845-1858.
Rhinehart, R. E. (1979) Internal Storm Motions from Single Non-Doppler Weather Radar,
Tech. Note NCAR/TN-146 รพ STR, National Center
for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, CO.
Sasaki, Y. (1970) Some basic formalisms in numerical variational analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev.,
98, 875-883.
Shapiro, A., C. K. Potvin, and J. Gao (2009) Use of a vertical vorticity equation in variational
dual-Doppler wind analysis. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 2089-2106.
Shapiro, A., K. M. Willingham, and C. K. Potvin (2010) Spatially variable advection correc-
tion of radar data, Part I: Theoretical considerations. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3445-3456.
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