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Figure 4.9. (Top) Vault observed in a supercell by a radar in central Oklahoma on May 26,
1963: Vertical cross section (RHI) of radar echo; the vertical scale is exaggerated (from
Browning, 1965b). (Bottom) Vault/BWER, WER, and ''echo overhang'' observed in a super-
cell in north central Oklahoma onMay 24, 2008 by a mobile Doppler radar from the University
of Massachusetts from a synthesis of sector scans (courtesy of Jeff Snyder).
When the updraft is strong enough to bring up relatively large raindrops,
water-coated hailstones, or melted ice particles to high elevations, recycled from
falling raindrops (or water-coated hailstones or melted ice particles) outside the
center of the updraft, where it is well below freezing, the raindrops, which are
flattened, backscatter much more horizontal radiation than vertical to radars that
are probing them. The ''differential reflectivity'' is defined as
Z
DR
¼
10 log Z
H
=
Z
V
ð
4
:
24
Þ
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