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su
diminished investment in external
security capabilities. Notwithstanding the ubiquitous predictions of greater climate-
induced violence, European governments have in practice done relatively little to
integrate climate change factors into their con
ced to reverse or temper governments
'
ict prevention policies as these
operate on the ground in speci
c con
ict theatres. If anything after a rhetorical
peak around 2009
climate link has since
then subsided. Constance Lever-Tracy insists little progress has been made and that
governments,
-
10 the momentum behind the con
ict
-
are still unprepared for the unexpected, unable to cope when it
strikes, and have far too few resources available for recovery
'
.
2
After a decade of
rhetorical commitment to climate security, ask even the most deeply involved and
committed o
'
ict
resolution and clear answers are not forthcoming. A trawl through member states
cials how much the EU actually spends on climate-related con
'
con
ict prevention-resolution programmes yields little in terms of initiatives related
speci
cally to climate.
This is not to ignore those advances that have been made. Many claim that the
EU has retained a lead role in the civilian capacities dedicated to con
ict resolu-
tion. The focus on such civilian initiatives is seen as integral to the overarching
cooperative approach to security. From 2007, the Commission-run Instrument for
Stability (IfS) has widened the scope for con
ict-related funding. Particularly
notable increases have been forthcoming in disarmament, demobilisation and
reintegration (DDR) funding and the EU has widened a programme for strength-
ening African capabilities for the prevention, management and resolution of con-
icts. The EU now has at its disposal a plethora of disaster response bodies,
including the Situation Centre, the Policy Planning and Early Warning Unit,
GMES services, the Rapid Reaction Mechanism, the Monitoring and Information
Centre, the European Space Agency Disaster Charter, a Continental Early Warn-
ing System, the EWS and the EU Satellite Centre.
On the back of
the 2008 frame-setting Solana paper, consultations
in the
Commission urged the development of an
strategy.
The on-going programmes of relevance to this are cited as including the EU Water
Initiative and the EU Energy Initiative for Poverty Reduction and Sustainable
Development, along with support for the GMES. However, a Swiss Peace report
concluded that by 2011 little had been done to move the stated aim forward.
3
The
EU
'
environmental peacemaking
'
ict prevention is the so-called Gothenburg
Programme agreed in 2001. When EU leaders released a ten-year update of the
Gothenburg programme their instructions of where con
'
s key strategy document on con
ict prevention needed
upgrading made no mention of any climate-related factors.
4
In 2011 the European
Peacebuilding Liaison O
ce (EPLO) carried out a review of this programme
'
s
rst
decade. It concluded that there was need for an updated strategy to re
ect how
con
ict drivers had changed since 2001, as well as for improvement in still-weak
