Fluvial systems: catchments and rivers - Fundamentals of the Physical Environment - page 325

INPUT

Processes

Rainmaking
atmospheric
modification

Modified channel
precipitation

Precipitation
interception

Modified precipitation

Crop and
vegetation
modifications

VEGETATION

Throughfall
stemflow

Channel
modifications
improving
dams, etc.

Cultivation
urbanization
communications
etc

Surf a ce run-off
Floods
Irrigation

SURFACE

Infiltration

Agricultural
practices

SOIL

Drainage

Percolation

G roundwater
abstraction/
recharge

Groundwater
development

GROUND WATER

Flow regulation
use and
withdrawal

Evapo-
transpiration
leakage
run-off

Modified evapo-
transpiration

Induced
flow

Interbasin
transfers

OUTPUT

Figure 14.12 Deliberate and inadvertent human influences on hydrological processes.
Source: After Ward (1975)

Plate 14.6 Temporary flood defences on the river Severn in
Ironbridge, Shropshire, consisting of heavy-duty polythene
sheeting stretched over aluminium A frames, provides a cheap
and rapid-response means of protection at congested sites.
Photos: Ken Addison

Plate 14.7 Active gully erosion during a rainstorm on a
footpath subject to compaction and removal of vegetation by
trampling on the North Yorkshire Moors.
Photo: Nick Musgrove