Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Appendix 7
Numerical data
Physical constants
6.673
×
10
−
11
m
3
kg
−
1
s
−
2
Gravitational constant,
G
8.3145 J mol
−
1
◦
C
−
l
Gas constant,
R
4
π
×
10
−
7
kgmA
−
2
s
−
2
Permeability of free space (vacuum)
µ
0
The Earth
Age of the Earth,
T
4550 Ma
10
−
5
rad s
−
1
Angular velocity of the Earth
7.292
×
10
11
Mean distance to the Sun
1.5
×
km
29.77 km s
−
1
Av erage velocity around the Sun
10
4
Length of solar day
8.64
×
s
Length of year
3.1558
×
10
7
s
Equatorial radius,
R
eq
6378.14 km
Polar radius,
R
p
6356.75 km
Polar flattening,
f
1/298.247
Radius of outer core
3480 km
Radius of inner core
1221 km
1.083
×
10
21
m
3
Volume of the Earth
approximately 10
19
m
3
Volume of crust
9.0
×
10
20
m
3
Volume of mantle
1.77
×
10
20
m
3
Volume of core
10
30
Mass of the Sun
1.99
×
kg
10
22
Mass of the Moon
7.35
×
kg
10
24
Mass of the Earth,
M
E
5.97
×
kg
10
21
Mass of the oceans
1.4
×
kg
10
22
Mass of the crust
2.8
×
kg
10
24
Mass of the mantle
4.00
×
kg
10
24
Mass of the core
1.94
×
kg
10
3
kg m
−
3
Mean density of the Earth
5.52
×
10
3
kg m
−
3
Mean density of the mantle
4.5
×
kg m
−
3
Mean density of the core
1.1
×
10
4
648