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(a)
N
Auroral arc
Third release
S
U
N
S
E
T
Second Ba Cloud
Second neutral cloud
W
E
First Ba Cloud
First neutral cloud
TMA
trail
S
(b)
Figure 9.13 (a) An all-sky camera photo showing the position of ion and neutral clouds
in the BaTMAn experiment several minutes after the second barium release. The bright
dot [see (b)] is the third barium release at the detonation time. (b) Key for identifying
features in part (a).
required to accelerate the neutrals may be derived as follows. The acceleration
of the neutral gas by the electromagnetic force is given by an expression of the
form
) = |
ρ(∂
u
/∂
t
J
×
B
|= σ P EB
where u is the zonal velocity and E is the meridional electric-held component.
Since from (2.40b) the F-region Pedersen conductivity is given as approximately
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