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Two major rocket/radar campaigns called SEEK I and SEEK II (Sporadic-E
Experiment over Kyushu) were carried out in Japan (Fukao et al., 1998;
Yamamoto et al., 2005) during Q-P conditions. Plasma density and electric field
observations are presented in Fig. 6.36. As reported earlier by Kelley et al. (1995),
the fluctuations are organized in time of flight, not altitude. For an electrostatic
process,
k
0 and thus, considering the vectors in the lower plot,
k
is either
aligned from northeast to southwest or 180
◦
opposite. Since the radar line of
sight was about 20
◦
east or north, a slanted structure at a 45
◦
angle to the north
and a slanted structure with the most intense radar signals at a fixed height would
yield radar echoes that come from the largest range first, as observed. These data
·
E
=
Uchinoura, Japan — SEEK 2 (S310
−
31)
3 August 2002
Altitude (km)
Apogee
90 100110 120 130
140
150
150
140
130 120 110 100 90
10
5
Plasma density
10
4
10
3
10
5
North
E
meridional
0
25
Meridional: a
z
, el 5 354.68, 46.28
South
210
10
East
E
zonal
5
0
2
5
Zonal: a
z
, el 5 84.68, 0.08
West
2
10
4 mV/m
N
E
B
in
100
150
200
250
300
Seconds after launch
Figure 6.36
The DC electric field solution for the SEEK II experiment in magnetic
coordinates with the plasma density shown in the uppermost panel. [After Pfaff et al.
(2005). Reproduced with permission of the European Geosciences Union.]
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