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density contour in the set of figures could thus be specified by its initial height as
well as by the density. This idea explains the frequent observations of metallic
and molecular ions at F-region altitudes in the equatorial zone. In other words,
the chemical composition is also to some extent a label of the original altitude.
Returning to Fig. 4.1, the downward penetration of electric fields predicted by
the simulations can be seen from the upwelling of features as low as 120 km in
conjunction with the large-amplitude topside modulations.
Another simulation is shown in Fig. 4.16c. Here, a constant eastward neu-
tral wind is included, as well as the effect of finite conducting “end plates” in
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Notice that these simulations give the
viewpoint of an observer looking south toward the equatorial plane. This is the
same viewpoint that the Jicamarca slit camera would record for a fully developed
N
0
3
10
2
5
cm
2
3
N
0
3
10
2
5
cm
2
3
0.
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
534
534
300 sec
700 sec
1.5E5
1.5E5
463
463
1.5E5
1.0E5
1.0E4
1.0E3
1.0E2
1.0E1
1.0E0
393
393
1.5E5
1.0E5
1.0E4
1.0E3
1.0E2
1.0E1
1.0E0
322
322
252
2
252
4
2
0
(km)
2
4
4
2
0
2
4
2
2
2
(km)
N
0
3
10
2
5
cm
2
3
N
0
3
10
2
5
cm
2
3
0.
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
534
534
1000 sec
1200 sec
1.5E5
1.5E5
463
463
393
393
1.5E5
1.5E5
1.0E5
1.0E4
1.0E3
1.0E2
1.0E1
1.0E0
1.0E3
1.0E2
1.0E1
1.0E0
322
322
252
252
2
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
4
2
2
0
2
4
(km)
(km)
Figure 4.16a
Contour plots showing computer simulations of the Rayleigh-Taylor insta-
bility for a 2 km scale perturbation, initially of 5% magnitude. Contours are labeled in
units of reciprocal cubic centimeters. [After Zalesak and Ossakow (1980). Reproduced
with permission of the American Geophysical Union.]
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