Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Temperature (K)
90
190
80
180
210
160
170
70
60
200
210
220
50
230
250
240
260
270
40
280
270
260
30
250
240
230
20
220
210
10
240
0 90
60
30
0
30
60
90
Latitude (degrees)
Summer
Winter
90
80
70
60
240
60
50
50
2
30
220
2
40
40
30
0
10
20
30
10
20
0
Mean zonal wind (m/s)
10
0
0
0 90
60
30
0
30
60
90
Latitude (degrees)
Summer
Winter
Figure 3.34 Calculated temperatures andmean zonal winds including a Rayleigh friction
parameter. [After Geller (1983). Reproduced with permission of the Reidel Publishing
Company.]
which increases dramatically at small scales. The theory on which this rests is
Kolmogorov's turbulence theory. In the laboratory grid case, energy cascades
from the grid scale through the inertial subrange to the viscous subrange. In the
atmosphere the grid is replaced by other energy input processes due to grav-
ity waves and other disturbances in the system. The resulting fluctuation power
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