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Figure 15 Deformation of JR wall. (From Murata et al., 1994.)
minimize deformation for use in the railway structure. At the surface of the
backfill, the amplification ratio was about 1.5. The vertical stress under the
reinforced zone showed a nonuniform distribution because of the overturning
mode of deformation (Fig. 16) .
5 PWRI WALL (NONSEISMIC, NONMODULAR BLOCKWALL)
This was one of the very few well-instrumented full-scale walls. It was
constructed by the Public Works Research Institute in Japan. The wall was fully
instrumented and subsequently failed by cutting the geosynthetic layers in stages
 
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