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7. Displacement is likely to be controlling criterion for the seismic
performance of RE walls, as opposed to shear failure or collapse. From
a seismic standpoint, RE walls behave as flexible systems. In the
numerical analyses, no slip surface or failure wedge developed in the
backfill, although enough settlement and horizontal displacement
occurred to present potential serviceability problems for the walls. The
predicted settlement presented a potential problem for the overlying
roadway. Similarly, the analyses predicted that it is likely that enough
out-of-plane movement of the facing panels to allow backfill spillage
would occur before a pronounced slip surface can develop.
8. Well-designed conventionally constructed RE walls (steel strips and
compacted select fill) with good foundations tend to perform well under
strong ground shaking.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Dr. Turan Durgunoglu of
Bogazici University, Istanbul, and Turhan Karadayilar, Canan Emrem, and
Serdar Elgun of Zetas Earth Technology Co. and Murat Ozbatir of Reinforced
Earth Turkey for their cooperation during the reconnaissance and site
investigations performed for this study. Financial support for this study was
provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF), Division of Civil and
Mechanical Systems, under grant no. 0085281 and by the Earthquake
Engineering Center for Southeastern United States (ECSUS) of Virginia Tech.
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JM Duncan, C-Y Chang. Nonlinear analyses of stress and strain in soils. Soil Mechanics
and Foundations Division, ASCE 96(5): 1629-1653, 1970.
JM Duncan, P Byrne, KS Wong, P Mabry. Strength, stress-strain and bulk modulus
parameters for finite element analyses of stresses and movements in soil masses.
Report No. UCB/GT/80-01. Berkeley: Department of Civil Engineering,
University of California, 1980.
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