Performance and Analysis of Arifiye Overpass Reinforced Earth Walls During the 1999 Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake - Reinforced Soil Engineering: Advances in Research and Practice - page 446

Figure 9 Locations where displacement time histories were calculated during the
dynamic analysis.

the analyses indicated that it is likely that enough out-of-plane movement of the
facing panels would occur to allow spillage of the backfill long before a
pronounced slip surface would develop. Thus, in terms of the overall seismic
performance of RE walls, the numerical analyses suggest that displacement is
likely to be the controlling criterion as opposed to shear failure.

7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Following the August 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake (M W ¼ 7.4), the authors

performed investigations in the affected area to document geotechnical field
performance. The study focused on the performance of improved soil sites and