Performance and Analysis of Arifiye Overpass Reinforced Earth Walls During the 1999 Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake - Reinforced Soil Engineering: Advances in Research and Practice - page 436

Figure 3 Cross section of the Arifiye reinforced earth walls.

the depths of 5m and 8m. A medium clay stratum extends from the depth of
8m down to 25 m, where the CPT was terminated. The shear wave velocities
increase gradually with depth and average about 150m/s throughout the 25m
profile. It should be noted that based on the CPT resistances and shear wave
velocities, the upper medium-dense and silty sand layers found between the
depths of 3m and 8m are susceptible to liquefaction under moderate to strong
ground shaking.

2.2 Observed Field Performance

Field reconnaissance for the Arifiye Bridge site was performed a few days
following the earthquake. The closest accelerometer was located about 10 km
away in Adapazari, where the maximum accelerations were measured at 0.4 g.
The soil conditions at the bridge site, however, are different than those found
at Adapazari, and less localized amplification would be expected. It is thought
that the accelerations at the Arifiye Bridge were probably closer to those near
Izmit,

in the range of 0.3 g. In addition to significant shaking, ground