Centrifuge Modeling of Seismic Performance of Reinforced Earth Structures - Reinforced Soil Engineering: Advances in Research and Practice - page 424

Figure 11 Permanent displacement of reinforced earth wall.

the same length this large translational movement could be prevented. Although
the increase of seismicity and number of waves increased with the shaking
step, the incremental permanent displacements in the step did not apparently
increase with the number of step, except for D20-150. Some cases even showed
better seismic performance, that is, the decrease in the incremental displacement
with the shaking number. This type of good seismic performance or ductile
behavior could not be observed in D20-150 with the shortest geogrid length, in
which a different failure mode from the other tests was observed. The effect of
the spacing between geogrids could not be clearly seen in the permanent
displacements. Particularly in L45-150 and L45-075, where large translational
movements occurred in reinforced zone, there was not much difference in the
settlement and horizontal displacements.

3.2.2 Tensile Strain of Geogrids

Figure 12 shows observed distributions of the residual strain of geogrids at
different elevations z

6.75, 3.75, and 0m, for each shaking step of D60-150
and L60-150. These two cases had the same reinforcement conditions but
different dry densities. Positive values in the figure represent elongation of the
grids. Irrespective of the density of the soil, the larger residual strain of geogrids
was observed at the lower portion. Paying attention to the accumulation of the
residual strain of the grids at the lower portion, large strain was observed along

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