Geoscience Reference
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Figure 17 Modular block wall for widening of F6 freeway.
APPENDIX: FLAC ANALYSIS
FLAC analysis is based on a program called FLAC, a two-dimensional finite-
difference code for engineering mechanics computation. Materials are
discretized into elements in a manner similar to finite elements. However, a
mix discretization scheme (Marti and Cundall, 1982) is used to improve
modeling of plastic flow and collapse. The solver is based on an explicit time
marching scheme, iterating between the equations of motion and material
(constitutive) behavior. The full equations of motion are used, and pseudo-
damping is used to bring a stable static system to a state of near-zero velocity.
The numerical process needs to be user-controlled by specifying the number of
iterations or the maximum out-of-balance nodal force. These control parameters
needs to be assessed on a problem-by-problem basis. Because the solution
scheme does not involve matrix inversion, it is effective for incremental
nonlinear analysis, including modeling of construction sequence and changing of
material parameters. Furthermore,
the collapse of a system due to load
 
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