Practice and Research of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Walls in Australia - Reinforced Soil Engineering: Advances in Research and Practice - page 249

Figure 1 GRS wall section that utilizes different reinforcement grades at different
spacing and of different length.
3.1 Calculation of Actions
Before 1996, the design methods were often specified with reference to
international design documents such as the FHWA Design Guidelines
(Christopher et al., 1990), BS 8006 (1995), BE3/78, or British Board of
Agr ´ ment Certificate. In general, simple calculation models have been used in
assessing actions (such as reinforcement tension) although sophisticated,
nonlinear stress analysis based on either finite-element analysis or the so-called
FLAC (Fast Lagranian Analysis of Continua) analysis has sometimes been used
for unusual or innovative wall configurations. A complete formulation of FLAC
is contained in Cundall and Board (1988) although a brief explanation is
presented in the appendix. The differences in reinforcement tension predicted by
different simple calculation models for static loading are generally small, with