Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Body Size, Life History and the Structure
of Host-Parasitoid Networks
DOMINIC C. HENRI
*
AND F.J. FRANK VAN VEEN
Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus,
Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
136
I. An Introduction to Ecological Network Theory and Host-parasitoid
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
A. Ecological Networks and Their Role in Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
B. Host-Parasitoid Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
C. The Importance of Host-Parasitoid Networks in Ecological
Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
D. The Aims of This Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
143
II. The Structuring of Trophic Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
143
A. What is Network Structure and How is it Determined? . . . . . . .
143
B. Body Size as a Determinant of Food-Web Structure . . . . . . . . . .
145
C. The Structure of Host-Parasitoid Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
147
III. Limitations on Host Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
148
A. Fundamental Niches in Host-Parasitoid Networks . . . . . . . . . . .
148
B. The Role of Phylogeny in Host-Parasitoid Network Structure. .
148
IV. Life History and Host Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
A. Egg Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
B. Developmental Diapause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150
V. Realised Niche in Parasitoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
151
A. Optimal Foraging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
151
B. Maximising Host Encounter Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
151
C. Host Quality and Offspring Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
153
D. The Optimal Foraging Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
155
VI. Parasitoid Life History and Host Electivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
156
A. Time and Egg-Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
156
B. The Cost of Egg or Time Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
156
C. Egg-Limitation, Life History and Electivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
157
D. Time Limitation, Life History and Electivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160
E. Handling Time and Life History in Parasitoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162
VII. Sex Allocation and Host Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
163
A. The Sex Allocation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
163
B. Allocation Strategies and Parasitoid Life History . . . . . . . . . . . .
164
C. Sex Allocation and Network Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
164
