Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.4. Some gases and aerosol particle components important for specified air pollution topics
Indoor air
Outdoor urban
Stratospheric
pollution
air pollution
Acid deposition
reduction
Global warming
Gases
Nitrogen dioxide
Ozone
Sulfur dioxide
Ozone
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitric oxide
Sulfuric acid
Nitric oxide
Methane
Formaldehyde
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitric acid
Nitrous oxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Ozone
Organic gases
Radon
Ethene
Formaldehyde
Toluene
Xylene
PA N
Hydrochloric acid
Carbon dioxide
Chlorine nitrate
Bromine nitrate
CFC-11
CFC-12
CFC-11
CFC-12
Water vapor
Aerosol Particle Components
Black carbon
Black carbon
Sulfate
Chloride
Black carbon
Organic matter
Organic matter
Nitrate
Sulfate
Brown carbon
Sulfate
Sulfate
Chloride
Nitrate
Other organic matter
Nitrate
Nitrate
Sulfate
Ammonium
Ammonium
Nitrate
Allergens
Soil dust
Ammonium
Asbestos
Sea spray
Soil dust
Fungal spores
Tire particles
Sea spray
Pollens
Lead
Tobacco smoke
CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; PAN, peroxyacetyl nitrate.
accounts for approximately 85 percent of water vapor.
The primary anthropogenic sources of water vapor are
evaporation of water used to cool coal, nuclear,
natural gas, and biofuel power plants and industrial
facilities; evaporation of water upon crop irrigation;
and burning of fossil fuels, biofuels, and outdoor
biomass, which produces water vapor as a combustion
product. The anthropogenic emission rate of water
vapor is about 1/8,000th its natural emission rate.
Table 3.5. Sources and sinks of atmospheric water
vapor
Sources
Sinks
Evaporation from oceans,
lakes, rivers, and soil
Condensation to liquid
water in clouds
3.6.1.2. Mixing Ratios
The mixing ratio of water vapor varies with location
and time but is physically limited to no more than 4 to
5 percent of total air by its saturation mixing ratio ,
which is the maximum water vapor the air can hold at
agiven temperature before the water vapor condenses
on the surfaces of aerosol particles as a liquid. When
temperatures are low, such as over the poles and in
the stratosphere, saturation mixing ratios are low (
Sublimation from sea ice
and snow
Va por deposition to ice
crystals in clouds
Transpiration from plant
leaves
Deposition to oceans, sea
ice, snow, and soils
Atmospheric chemical
reaction
Atmospheric chemical
reaction
Evaporation during power
plant industrial water
cooling
Evaporation during irrigation
Fossil fuel, biofuel, and
biomass burning combustion
0.1
percent of total air), and water vapor readily deposits as
ice or condenses as liquid water. When temperatures are
high, such as over the Equator, saturation mixing ratios
are high (
<
3 percent of total air), and liquid water may
evaporate readily to the gas phase.
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